and to evaluate
the need for further and more detailed case studies.
2. Study area
2.1. Climate and hydrology in Finland
The climate of Finland is controlled by several factors such as
latitudinal gradient, maritime climate from the Atlantic Ocean
and continental climate from Eurasia, the Scandinavian mountain
range and the Baltic Sea (Atlas of Finland, 1987; Käyhkö, 2004).
In 1971–2000 the average
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
). Impacts of initial stand density and thinning regimes on energywood production and management related CO2 emissions in boreal ecosystems. Manuscript submitted to European Journal of Forest Research.
Alam, A., Kilpeläinen, A. & Kellomäki, S. (2009). Impacts of thinning on growth, timber production and carbon stocks in Finland under changing climate. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 23: 501
/ces/publications/nr/1939
-based and 10 based on IPCC GCM
simulations. The choice of the GCM models was based on their SAT
performance for the present-day climate near Iceland as mentioned above.
2. For GCM-based scenarios, temperature change in the highland interior of
Iceland, where the large ice caps are located, were increased by 25% based on
the results of RCM downscaling (Nawri & Björnsson, 2010).
3. Expected
/media/ces/2010_016.pdf
the report.
2 Study area and data
2.1 River basins
The region under study is located in the East fjords and the surrounding area (Fig. 1). This region
is characterised by a complex topography along the coast, Vatnajökull ice cap in the southwest
and highlands in the interior. This leads to large precipitation and temperature gradients in the
region (Crochet et al., 2007; Crochet & Jóhannesson, 2011). Eight
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_007.pdf
of seismicity had become shallow, but was not significantly enhanced from what it had been in the previous weeks. Deformation was occurring at rates of up to a centimetre a day since March 4th at continuous GPS sites installed within 12 km from the eruptive site.
The eruption broke out with fire fountains and Hawaiian eruptive style on about 500 m long NE-SW oriented eruptive fissure at N63º
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/articles/nr/1852
the
onset of an eruption. Question: Should an eruption occur, will be the aviation
affected?Answer: Given the known
explosive style of Öræfajökull volcano, we might expect an explosive eruption
in the future as well. In that case volcanic particles will be injected in the
atmosphere and an ash cloud will be generated. It will be possible to forecast,
with some uncertainties, toward which direction
/volcanoes/about-volcanoes/oraefajokull/q-a/
by 25 % in the interior of Ice-
land, where the large ice caps are located (Nawri and Björns-
son, 2010).
Before year 2010, the glacier model is forced with daily
mean records constructed from the monthly mean observed
temperature and precipitation as previously explained. Pos-
sible natural variations in the climate are important for near-
future projections as the magnitude of the expected
/media/ces/Adalgeirsdottir-etal-tc-5-961-2011.pdf
the analysis will allow us to present the
outline for a new, potentially more robust and
comprehensive design process. The outline as
presented here consists of principles, phases and
their interior steps, and tools for participation
processes.
We will now turn to the various elements of the
potential new guide. We will start by presenting the
principles of design, followed by the steps and tools
/media/loftslag/vonKorff_etal-2010.pdf
:
a large fraction of forest and lakes but
the observations represent open-land temperature
20-yr. return values of T2max
Evaluation of cold extremes (1961-1990)
common cold bias over
the Scandinavian Mountains
the ensemble mean bias is
smaller comparing to
the RCA3(ERA40) run
biases of opposite sign
among simulations show
the key role of the driving
GCMs in winter
20-yr. return values of T2min
warm
/media/ces/Nikulin_Grigory_CES_2010.pdf
vent. The type and style of the eruption also affect the
plume altitude as well as the size of the erupted material. Pyroclastic
material in the plume is subjected to two main forces: the force of gravity and
the drag of the rising gas stream. Small pyroclastic material will then be
transported to the top of the plume, whereas larger particles will lose
momentum quicker and will abandon
/volcanoes/volcanic-hazards/volcanic-emissions/