The hydrological simulations were performed with the Wa-
tershed Simulation and Forecasting System (WSFS) developed
and operated in the Finnish Environment Institute (Vehviläinen
et al., 2005). The WSFS is used in Finland for operational hydrolog-
ical forecasting and flood warnings (www.environment.fi/water-
forecast/), regulation planning and research purposes
(Vehviläinen and Huttunen, 1997
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
). The maps take into effect regional climate conditions in four places and are the results of two kinds of modelling (APGCM models) for general circulation of climate in addition to the release of two greenhouse-gas varieties.
Hydrological maps
Related topics
/hydrology/runoff/
periods included in Fig. 1.1., the table also provides model-based best
estimates for the distributions for the years 2030 and 2050, assuming that greenhouse gas
concentrations follow the SRES A1B scenario (Naki �enovi � and Swart 2000). The analysis
indicates that warm (cold) Decembers will become increasingly more (less) common with
time. For example, the median December mean
/media/ces/CES_D2.4_task1.pdf
caldera
covered by 150- to 250-m-thick ice (Figure
1). Its highest peak, Grímsfjall, on the southern
caldera rim, reaches an elevation of 1722 m.
Volcanic eruptions there, numbering several
per century, are phreatomagmatic because
of the ice cover, and they usually persist for
days to weeks. Geothermal activity continu-
ously melts the overlying ice, and meltwater
accumulates in a subglacial
/media/jar/myndsafn/2005EO260001.pdf
or
somewhat serious issue.
A comparison of Gallup polls asking the American public how much they per-
sonally worried about global warming (or the greenhouse effect) found that between
1989 and 2003 24% to 40% of the respondents worried ‘a great deal’ (Brechin,
2003, p. 111). When these are added to the percentage that worry ‘a fair amount’,
the Gallup polls indicate that between 50% and 72
/media/loftslag/Lorenzoni_Pidgeon_2006.pdf
stations from the mid-19th century.
While the network density was limited during the first decades of the series,
it was still dense enough for annual averages to be estimated for low-lying
areas. These show that precipitation increased during the 20th
century, it was slightly less than 1000 mm per year early in the century but
increased to about 1100–1200 towards the end of the 20th
/climatology/iceland/climate-report
stations from the mid-19th century.
While the network density was limited during the first decades of the series,
it was still dense enough for annual averages to be estimated for low-lying
areas. These show that precipitation increased during the 20th
century, it was slightly less than 1000 mm per year early in the century but
increased to about 1100–1200 towards the end of the 20th
/climatology/iceland/climate-report/
the increase (decrease) of annual runoff. ( Bates et al. 2008.)
403/02/2010
Opportunities for renewables
Energy efficiency improvement and renewables are most important alternatives
for the reductions of greenhouse gas emissions
Other alternatives
Carbon capture and storage (CCS)
Nuclear power
Increase of biospheric carbon sinks
Emission reduction concerning other sectors (waste, agriculture, industry
/media/ces/Savolainen_Ilkka_CES_2010.pdf
to the tremor event catalog; one
tremor catalog is created per month, containing information on the tremor event ID, the start
time of the tremor, the filter triggered, and the stations triggered (see Figure 5). Each
subsequent minute, if the filter remains in a triggered state, newly triggered stations will be
appended to the existing event. Most importantly, when a tremor event is detected
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2021/VI_2021_008.pdf
1). Over the same period, the average total number of
people reported affected2 per decade rose by 1200%, from
approximately 38 thousand to 480 thousand. Meanwhile,
the total cost of reported damage3 doubled, from US$ 1.2
billion to US$ 2.4 billion (2006 prices), although this could
partially be explained by a higher density or vulnerability
of infrastructure and areas being used by humans. More
/media/loftslag/Huntjens_etal-2010-Climate-change-adaptation-Reg_Env_Change.pdf