of melt water from glaciated
areas in long integrations for a warming climate.
Glacier dynamics
This problem can be qualitatively analysed by considering the continuity equation for ice vol-
ume, which may be expressed as
¶h
¶t
+
¶q
¶x
= b or
¶h
¶t
+~ ~q = b ; (1)
for a one-dimensional ice flow channel or an ice cap that flows in two horizontal dimensions,
respectively. h is ice thickness, q or ~q/media/ces/ces-glacier-scaling-memo2009-01.pdf
Such landslides fall from a comparatively high
elevation, cause extensive disruption and upheaval of loose materials and soils in their
way, and can travel considerable distances uphill against opposing slopes.
Secondly, there are medium-sized or large, rapid debris flows that are released from com-
paratively high elevations and are confined to gullies as they travel down the mountain-
side, similar
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2016/VI_2016_006_rs.pdf
a precipitation value from a given location based on values
from a regular gridded dataset. ................................................................................................. 28
Figure 7. Scatterplots and Q–Q plots comparing daily precipitation from the ICRA dataset and
observations with different extraction methods for station Eskifjörður. .................................. 30
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_008.pdf
in Table
2.1.
Some potential limitations of using the CMIP3 ensemble for probabilistic climate change
forecasting should be mentioned. First, current GCMs still have a relatively coarse horizontal
resolution. Within the CMIP3 ensemble, the grid spacing varies from 1.1 q latitude × 1.1 q
longitude to 4 q latitude × 5 q longitude (for the analysis presented here, all the model results
were
/media/ces/raisanen_ruosteenoja_CES_D2.2.pdf
and possibly the stake-
holders at different phases of the modelling project.
Many QA guidelines exist such as Middlemis (2000) and
Van Waveren et al. (1999). The HarmoniQuA project (Schol-
ten et al., 2007; Refsgaard et al., 2005a) has developed a com-
prehensive set of QA guidelines for multiple modelling
domains combined with a supporting software tool, MoST
(downloadable via http
/media/loftslag/Refsgaard_etal-2007-Uncertainty-EMS.pdf
time-series.
For wind energy assessments, the main emphasis is on an accurate determination of average wind
power density. As discussed in previous sections, average power density is approximately propor-
tional to the mean cube of wind speed. Rescaling factors for modelled wind speed time-series,
interpolated to station locations, are therefore defined here as 3
q
S3o=S3m. Aside from
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2013/2013_001_Nawri_et_al.pdf
draw-down of at least one meter by the beginning of April. In addition to
Author's personal copy
Climate Change Impacts on the Vuoksi Watershed in Finland 3441
Fig. 2 Schematic presentation
of the new regulation scheme
for Lake Pielinen. The outflow
from the lake (Q) depends on
the water level and time of
year. The percentages give the
deviation from outflow
according to the natural rating
curve
/media/ces/Water_resources_man_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
19 CMIP3 GCMs are used (Table 2.1). The horizontal grid spacing of these
models varies from 1.1 q latitude × 1.1 q longitude to 4 q latitude × 5 q longitude. For each
2 Some of the RCM simulations in the ENSEMBLES data base were conducted with funding from other sources,
including CES.
5
model, a 198-year time series (1901-2098) obtained
/media/ces/D2.3_CES_Prob_fcsts_GCMs_and_RCMs.pdf
which are significantly lower com-
pared with similar beginning and end years. Consequently, for the 2004–50 period, the average
RCM warming rates of 0.29 K per decade over the ocean, and 0.35 K per decade over the land are
somewhat larger than for the reduced IPCC ensemble mean.
Additionally, the tabulated values of SAT differences between the 1961–90 control period and
either the 2021–50
/media/ces/2010_005_.pdf
of Icelandic glaciers 1992–1997). Rep.
OS-98082 (in Icelandic), National Energy Authority, Reykjavík.
Sigurðsson, O., Thorsteinsson Th., Ágústsson S. M. and Einarsson B. 2004.
Afkoma Hofsjökuls 1997–2004. (Mass balance of Hofsjökull 1997–2004.) Rep.
OS-2004/029, National Energy Authority, Reykjavík.
Uppala, S.M., and 45 co-authors 2005. The ERA-40 re-analysis. Q. J. R. Mete-
orol. Soc., 131, 2961
/media/ces/Paper-Olafur-Rognvaldsson_91.pdf