improved the results,
it was decided to leave them as they were processed originally, apart from a few minor
changes. The main results have partly been published in two reports at Veðurstofan, Rit 21
(Hjaltadóttir and Vogfjörð, 2005) and report 05020 (Hjaltadóttir et al., 2005), but these
reports are not nearly as extensive as the following text. The research has also been
presented
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2010/2010_003rs.pdf
), scheduled for publication in 2022. It underscores the importance
of long-term research related to climate change.The
surface mass balance of the Vatnajökull, Hofsjökull and Langjökull ice caps has
been measured systematically in spring and autumn for about 30 years (Helgi
Björnsson et al., 2013). The total volume of the main glaciers, as well as Mýrdalsjökull
and Drangajökull and some other smaller
/about-imo/news/new-article-on-glacier-changes-in-iceland-over-the-past-130-years
et al., 2005)
Data
Climate data, calibration period
Monthly air temperature: ERA-40 reanalysis (0.5°×0.5°), 1958-2001
Monthly precipitation: Precipitation climatology VASClimO,
1951-2000, 0.5°×0.5° (Beck et al., 2005)
Elevation-dependent mass balance data for individual glaciers
Mass-balance data
Data
Climate data, calibration period
Monthly air temperature: ERA-40 reanalysis
/media/ces/Hock_Regine_CES_2010rs.pdf
the increase (decrease) of annual runoff. ( Bates et al. 2008.)
403/02/2010
Opportunities for renewables
Energy efficiency improvement and renewables are most important alternatives
for the reductions of greenhouse gas emissions
Other alternatives
Carbon capture and storage (CCS)
Nuclear power
Increase of biospheric carbon sinks
Emission reduction concerning other sectors (waste, agriculture, industry
/media/ces/Savolainen_Ilkka_CES_2010.pdf
Uncertainty assessment of model simulations is therefore
important, when models are used to support water management
decisions (Beven and Binley, 1992; Beven, 2002; Pahl-Wostl,
2002; Jakeman and Letcher, 2003; Refsgaard and Henriksen,
2004; Pahl-Wostl, 2007; Vandenberghe et al., 2007). Model un-
certainty is in practice often done as an ‘end of pipe’ analysis
that is carried out after model set-up
/media/loftslag/Refsgaard_etal-2007-Uncertainty-EMS.pdf
scenario at several locations in Iceland .................................................... 55
Table 10 Total mass and volume calculations summary. ......................................................... 73
Table 11 Worst-case scenario of tephra load after 40 hours ..................................................... 92
Table 12 Scoring system developed by Auker et al
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_004.pdf
estimated to be 11 Mt (+/- 5 Mt) for the entire duration of the eruption (Gislason et al., 2015).
SO2 can have human and animal health implications when present in high concentrations. For this reason, IMO was asked to provide hazard maps for SO2 ground concentration at local and regional scale. The maps were produced using the dispersal model CALPUFF. The maps were used to identify and draw
/pollution-and-radiation/volcanic-gas/hazard-zoning/
estimated to be 11 Mt (+/- 5 Mt) for the entire duration of the eruption (Gislason et al., 2015).
SO2 can have human and animal health implications when present in high concentrations. For this reason, IMO was asked to provide hazard maps for SO2 ground concentration at local and regional scale. The maps were produced using the dispersal model CALPUFF. The maps were used to identify and draw
/pollution-and-radiation/volcanic-gas/hazard-zoning
cover (Bekryaev et al., 2010).
Iceland is also expected to be influenced by climate changes. Its climate is relatively mild for
its latitude (63°-66°N) as the North Atlantic Current warms the ocean south and west of the
country (Olafsson et al., 2007; Einarsson, 1984). Approximately 11% of Iceland is covered
by glaciers (Einarsson, 1984) but they are expected to shrink drastically in the future
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2017/VI_2017_009.pdf