which descended into the caldera
lake (Lake Öskjuvatn). The slide was released from
the southeastern caldera wall, triggering a tsunami
in the lake that washed up on the lakeshores all
around the lake, reaching up to 20–30 m elevation
above the water level. The wave travelled farthest
around 400 m (horizontally) into the flatland SE of
the crater Víti. Fortunately, the rockslide occurred
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/IMO_AnnualReport2014.pdf
m
J
M5 [C°] -3
obs. [C°] -4
nce 1
re 5. Comp
26); an int
temperatu
this system
y gridded v
picion abo
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similar dif
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ces the effe
months No
ly only on
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an Feb Ma
.2 -3.1 -3.
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arison of m
erpolation
re is shown
atic differe
alues, see T
ut the qual
atershed; b
ference wa
ations for t
gradient fo
/media/ces/2010_017.pdf
The hydrological simulations were performed with the Wa-
tershed Simulation and Forecasting System (WSFS) developed
and operated in the Finnish Environment Institute (Vehviläinen
et al., 2005). The WSFS is used in Finland for operational hydrolog-
ical forecasting and flood warnings (www.environment.fi/water-
forecast/), regulation planning and research purposes
(Vehviläinen and Huttunen, 1997
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
ea
th
,
th
e
m
et
ho
d
u
se
d
at
th
is
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ag
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r
th
es
e
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ld
er
typ
es
is
sp
ec
ied
.Sh
oul
d
ther
e
be
tw
o
o
r
mor
e
model
sbein
g
develope
d
in
th
e
process
,the
n
th
e
typ
e
o
fmode
lt
o
whic
h
th
e
metho
d
wa
s
applie
d
is
show
n
in
parentheses
.O
T
re
fe
rs
to
th
e
co
m
po
si
tio
n
o
ft
he
o
rg
an
iz
in
g
te
am
.
Fo
r
o
rg
an
iz
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te
am
in
vo
lve
m
en
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di
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re
n
t
pa
rt
/media/loftslag/Hare-2011-ParticipatoryModelling.pdf
than can be expected to originate from the cauldrons, three to four times the wa-
ter equivalent of the accumulation of snow over the watershed of the cauldrons. It has
been estimated that flow from the cauldrons, in addition to the jökulhlaups, could be
2–5 m3 s 1 at maximum (Vatnaskil, 2005). It is possible that part of the sulfate-rich
groundwater from the glacier comes from the cauldrons
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf
tg
ui
da
n
ce
fo
rt
ra
ns
bo
un
da
ry
w
at
er
s,
pr
ep
ar
ed
an
d
P. van der Keur et al.
(floo
dmanag
ement
)an
d
wat
er
qualit
y
ag
re
ed
u
po
n
in
co
m
m
o
n
u
n
de
rs
ta
nd
in
g,
creat
ed
th
e
bas
is
fo
rth
e
formul
atio
n
o
f
joi
nt
m
ea
su
re
s
(Fr
ijte
rs
an
d
Le
en
tv
aa
r
200
3)
Mo
del
s
(na
tural
,te
chnica
l
an
d
so
ci
al
sy
ste
m
s):
Uncert
aint
y
ha
s
to
be
incorp
orated
:
1:
Ep
ist
/media/loftslag/VanderKeur_etal-2008-Uncertainty_IWRM-WARM.pdf