of Solar Irradiation
• Weather stations use pyranometers and pyrheliometers
• Campbell-Stokes Recorder - measures sunshine duration
UK Solar Resource
present and future
index clearnesssky clear averagemonthly
index clearnessdaily averagemonthly
sun block the cloudst significan nothat fraction time
where
=
=
=
clear
clear
KK
f2
=
clear
clear K
Kf
Conversion
/media/ces/Burnett_Dougal_CES_2010.pdf
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
The role of uncertainty in climate change adaptation
strategies—A Danish water management example
J. C. Refsgaard & K. Arnbjerg-Nielsen & M. Drews & K. Halsnæs & E. Jeppesen &
H. Madsen & A. Markandya & J. E. Olesen & J. R. Porter & J. H. Christensen
Received: 10 November 2011 /Accepted: 4 February 2012
# The Author(s) 2012. This article is published with open access
/media/loftslag/2012-Refsgaard_etal-uncertainty_climate-change-adaptation-MITI343.pdf
and sunnier climate in the south, a wetter and darker climate in the
north. Accordingly, changes in the conditions of solar and hydropower energy pro-
duction are compensatory. At present, of course, the rôle of solar energy is negligible
compared to hydropower production, but the status may alter in the future.
REFERENCES
Jylhä K., Ruosteenoja K., Räisänen J., Venäläinen A., Tuomenvirta H
/media/ces/CES_D2.4_solar_CMIP3.pdf
Hock, R., Machguth, H,. Melvold, K., Pálsson, F., Radic, V., Sigurðsson, O. & Þorsteinsson Þ. (2010). The impact of climate change on glaciers and glacial runoff in the Nordic countries. p. 38-39.
Jóhannesson, T., Andreassen, L.M., Beldring, S., Einarsson, B., Elvehøy H. & Melvold, K. (2010). The effect of climate change on runoff from a partly glaciated river basin simulated with a coupled
/ces/publications/nr/1940
size.
References
1. Meehl, G.A., C. Covey, T. Delworth, M. Latif, B. McAvaney, J.F.B. Mitchell, R.J. Stouffer and
K.E. Taylor, 2007: The WCRP CMIP3 Multimodel Dataset: A New Era in Climate Change Research, BAMS,
88, 1383-1394, DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-88-9-1383.
2. Naki �enovi � N., J. Alcamo, G. Davis, B. de Vries, J Fenhann, S. Gaffin, K. Gregory,
A.Grübler, T.Y. Jung, T. Kram, E.L. La Rovere
/media/ces/CES_D2.4_VMGO.pdf
and G17. .................. 52
Figure 3.23. Seismicity and mapped faults in box J, near to the village of Hella. .............. 53
Figure 3.24. Seismicity and mapped faults in boxes K, near to Hraungerði in Flói
district and L, Skeið district. ............................................................................ 54
Figure 3.25. Seismicity and mapped faults in the easternmost box M, Land
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2010/2010_003rs.pdf
-512.
Alam, A., Kilpeläinen, A. & Kellomäki, S. (2008). Potential carbon stocks and energy production in boreal forest ecosystems under climate change responsive to varying management regimes. Submitted Biomass and Bio-energy.
Kärkkäinen, L., Matala, J., Härkönen, K., Kellomäki, S. & Nuuttinen, T. (2008). Potential recovery of industrial wood and energy wood raw material in different cutting
/ces/publications/nr/1939
Observations on Intraplate Seismicity in Central Fennoscandia
Korja, A.1, Uski, M.1, Lund, B.2, Grigull, S.3, Nironen, M.4, E., Högdahl, K.2
1University of Helsinki, Institute of Seismology, Helsinki, Finland, annakaisa.korja@helsinki.fi
2University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
3Geological Survey of Sweden, Uppsala, Sweden
4Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo, Finland
Fennoscandian Shield
/media/norsem/norsem_korja.pdf
of the Westfjords. Assuming a standard ver-
tical temperature lapse rate of 6.5 K km 1, these differences in terrain elevation alone may be
responsible for absolute differences of up to 2 K between longterm averages of simulated and
measured surface air temperatures, possibly with opposite signs at nearby locations.
As shown in Figure 3 (b), differences in terrain elevation are reduced if the model
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_005.pdf