....................................................................................................................................... 9
Ágrip ......................................................................................................................................... 11
1 General introduction ........................................................................................................... 13
1.1 Main aim of the project
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_004.pdf
Assessment Re-
port (AR4).
Topic 1 summarises observed changes in climate and their ef-
fects on natural and human systems, regardless of their causes, while
Topic 2 assesses the causes of the observed changes. Topic 3 pre-
sents projections of future climate change and related impacts un-
der different scenarios.
Topic 4 discusses adaptation and mitigation options over the
next few decades
/media/loftslag/IPPC-2007-ar4_syr.pdf
1
Probability distributions of monthly-to-annual mean temperature and
precipitation in a changing climate (CES Climate Modelling and Scenarios
Deliverable D2.4, task I)
Jouni Räisänen
Department of Physics, P.O. Box 48, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
Email: jouni.raisanen@helsinki.fi
17 November 2009
AVAILABLE FROM:
http://www.atm.helsinki.fi/~jaraisan/CES_D2.4
/media/ces/CES_D2.4_task1.pdf
the discharge in Skaftá and the
temperature of the flood water close to the glacier margin were measured. The dis-
charge from the subglacial lake during the jökulhlaup was calculated using a hypso-
metric curve for the subglacial lake, estimated from the form of the surface cauldron
after jökulhlaups. The maximum outflow from the lake during the jökulhlaup is esti-
mated as 123 m3 s 1 while
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf
but they may also cancel each other. Thus, even large
uncertainties may have small consequences for decision making, because multiple
sources of information provide sufficient knowledge to justify action in climate change
adaptation.
Keywords Climate change . Adaptation . Uncertainty . Risk . Water sectors .
Multi-disciplinary
1 Introduction
Climate change affects many aspects of human societies
/media/loftslag/2012-Refsgaard_etal-uncertainty_climate-change-adaptation-MITI343.pdf