of Solar Irradiation
• Weather stations use pyranometers and pyrheliometers
• Campbell-Stokes Recorder - measures sunshine duration
UK Solar Resource
present and future
index clearnesssky clear averagemonthly
index clearnessdaily averagemonthly
sun block the cloudst significan nothat fraction time
where
=
=
=
clear
clear
KK
f2
=
clear
clear K
Kf
Conversion
/media/ces/Burnett_Dougal_CES_2010.pdf
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
The role of uncertainty in climate change adaptation
strategies—A Danish water management example
J. C. Refsgaard & K. Arnbjerg-Nielsen & M. Drews & K. Halsnæs & E. Jeppesen &
H. Madsen & A. Markandya & J. E. Olesen & J. R. Porter & J. H. Christensen
Received: 10 November 2011 /Accepted: 4 February 2012
# The Author(s) 2012. This article is published with open access
/media/loftslag/2012-Refsgaard_etal-uncertainty_climate-change-adaptation-MITI343.pdf
and sunnier climate in the south, a wetter and darker climate in the
north. Accordingly, changes in the conditions of solar and hydropower energy pro-
duction are compensatory. At present, of course, the rôle of solar energy is negligible
compared to hydropower production, but the status may alter in the future.
REFERENCES
Jylhä K., Ruosteenoja K., Räisänen J., Venäläinen A., Tuomenvirta H
/media/ces/CES_D2.4_solar_CMIP3.pdf
the principalmethods have not changed much over the years, theamount of field work has varied. In the first 15 yearsthe monitoring programme at Storbreen was com-prehensive, often three or more snow density pits
were dug, snow depth was measured at about 600points and ablation was measured on 30 stakes
evenly distri uted on the glacier (Liestøl 1967).Based on experience of the snow pattern, the ob-
servations
/media/ces/GA_2009_91A_4_Andreassen.pdf
level, surveys commissioned by the European Com-
munity/the European Union provide an indication of trends in concern about cli-
mate change. Since 1992, such surveys have been undertaken among representative
samples of citizens in its Member States, and specifically on topics related to the
environment (Special Eurobarometers (EB) in 1992, 1995, 2002; and a Flash EB
in 2002). These have included
/media/loftslag/Lorenzoni_Pidgeon_2006.pdf
............................................................................................. 36
Experimental results from photon-counting laser altimetry system MABEL
Henriette Skourup, René Forsberg, Sine M. Hvidegaard, Indriði Einarsson, Arne V.
Olesen, Stine K. Rose, Louise S. Sørensen, Veit Helm, Stefan Hendricks, Robert Ricker,
Malcolm Davidson and Tânia Casal
/media/vatnafar/joklar/Reykholt-abstracts.pdf
Hock, R., Machguth, H,. Melvold, K., Pálsson, F., Radic, V., Sigurðsson, O. & Þorsteinsson Þ. (2010). The impact of climate change on glaciers and glacial runoff in the Nordic countries. p. 38-39.
Jóhannesson, T., Andreassen, L.M., Beldring, S., Einarsson, B., Elvehøy H. & Melvold, K. (2010). The effect of climate change on runoff from a partly glaciated river basin simulated with a coupled
/ces/publications/nr/1940
size.
References
1. Meehl, G.A., C. Covey, T. Delworth, M. Latif, B. McAvaney, J.F.B. Mitchell, R.J. Stouffer and
K.E. Taylor, 2007: The WCRP CMIP3 Multimodel Dataset: A New Era in Climate Change Research, BAMS,
88, 1383-1394, DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-88-9-1383.
2. Naki �enovi � N., J. Alcamo, G. Davis, B. de Vries, J Fenhann, S. Gaffin, K. Gregory,
A.Grübler, T.Y. Jung, T. Kram, E.L. La Rovere
/media/ces/CES_D2.4_VMGO.pdf
and G17. .................. 52
Figure 3.23. Seismicity and mapped faults in box J, near to the village of Hella. .............. 53
Figure 3.24. Seismicity and mapped faults in boxes K, near to Hraungerði in Flói
district and L, Skeið district. ............................................................................ 54
Figure 3.25. Seismicity and mapped faults in the easternmost box M, Land
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2010/2010_003rs.pdf
-512.
Alam, A., Kilpeläinen, A. & Kellomäki, S. (2008). Potential carbon stocks and energy production in boreal forest ecosystems under climate change responsive to varying management regimes. Submitted Biomass and Bio-energy.
Kärkkäinen, L., Matala, J., Härkönen, K., Kellomäki, S. & Nuuttinen, T. (2008). Potential recovery of industrial wood and energy wood raw material in different cutting
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