exist that reach
back to early 19th century but most series are much shorter (Hamlington and Thompson, 2016). In
contrast, satellite altimetry has only been available since the early 1990’s. Satellite altimetry mea-
sures the sea surface height, namely the sea level compared to a fixed reference frame (the center of
the earth, the geoid or a reference ellipsoid) for latitudes up to 66 N and S (ESA
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_005.pdf
Seuraukse t
jakeluverkolle
Seuraukset
vo imala itoksell
e
Seuraukset
energ ialähteelle
ta i sen
käytettävyydelle
IPC C 2007
Alueell isen
ilm astoskenaarion ta i
mallien mukaan
S euraus-
lu ok ka
Seurausten
toden-
näköisyys
R iskin
pienentäminen
ja
varaut um in en
Jakeluve rkkoV oimala itos
Energia läh de,
(va lu ma-a lue,
tu otantoa lue
jn e)
I lmiön
e siin tymis-
taaju us
Skenaa riot tai
/media/ces/Keranen_Jaana_CES_2010.pdf
on the quantity at hand (strengths and weaknesses in
Box 1. The error propagation equation
The error propagation equations for the most common
operators are (s is the standard deviation):
Addition and Subtraction: z ¼ x þ yþ/ or z ¼
x y/
sz ¼
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
s2x
þ
s2y
þ/
r
Multiplication by an exact number: z
/media/loftslag/Refsgaard_etal-2007-Uncertainty-EMS.pdf
version of the manuscript.
References
Allen, R. M., G. Nolet, W. J. Morgan, K. Vogfjörd, M. Nettles, G. Ekström, B. H.
Bergsson, P. Erlendsson, G. Goulger, S. Jakobsdottir, B. Julian, M. Pritchard, S.
Ragnarsson, and R. Stefansson (2002). Plume driven plumbing and crustal formation in
Iceland, J. Geophys. Res., 107 (B8) 101029/2001JB000584.
Ágústsson, K., and Ó. G. Flóvenz (2005). The Thickness
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_013.pdf
are also optimal for individuals (Ahn et al. 2001,
2003; Ostrom 1998). However, empirical analysis is required to specify which types of social
S. Teyssier ()
INRA, UR1303 ALISS, 94200 Ivry-sur-Seine, France
e-mail: Sabrina.Teyssier@ivry.inra.fr
92 Public Choice (2012) 151:91–119
preference are relevant for public-choice theory. This kind of work is still only rare in the
literature, even though
/media/loftslag/Public-Choice-2012---Teyssier---Inequity-and-risk-aversion-in-sequential-public-good-games.pdf
ca
ti
o
n
s
fo
r
th
e
la
rg
est
e
a
rt
h
q
u
a
ke
s
w
it
h
in
t
h
e
S
IS
Z
b
et
w
ee
n
1
7
0
6
a
n
d
2
0
0
8
d
en
o
te
d
b
y
w
h
ite
fil
le
d
c
ir
cles.
E
stim
a
te
d
f
a
u
lt
p
la
n
es
o
f
h
is
to
ric
a
l
ea
rt
h
q
u
a
ke
s
a
re
s
h
o
w
n
a
s
w
h
ite
,
th
ick
li
n
es
(
fr
o
m
R
o
th
,
2
0
0
4
).
F
a
u
lt
p
la
n
es
f
ro
m
1
9
9
8
(
V
o
g
fj
ö
rd
et
a
l.
,
2
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2010/2010_003rs.pdf
Cooperation and
Development, Paris, 2006).
2. R. H. Webb, J. L. Betancourt, U.S. Geol. Surv. Water-
Supply Paper 2379, 1 (1992).
3. C. A. Woodhouse, S. T. Gray, D. M. Meko, Water Resour.
Res. 42, W05415 (2006).
4. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in
Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis,
Contribution of Working Group (WG) 1 to the Fourth
Assessment Report of the IPCC (AR4
/media/loftslag/Milly_etal-2008-Stationarity-dead-Science.pdf
ECHAM4/OPYC3 NorClim/HIRHAM 25x25 km
'Empirical Adjustment' to 1 x 1 km
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
1 10 100 1000
Return period (years)
P
e
a
k
d
a
i
l
y
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
m
3
/
s
)
1981-2010 GEV from annual max series
2021-2050 GEV from annual max series
2021 - 2050 Annual maximum series
1981 - 2010 Annual maximum series
1981-2010
200-year flood
2021
/media/ces/Lawrence_Deborah_CES_2010.pdf
indicatorOfParameter=141 <earliest boundary data filename>
<modified filename>. Glaciers are defined as permanent snow and ice in the model, and are described by
static fields in the surface scheme.
8
These differences are taken into account following WMO guidelines (WMO, 2008), whereby
wind speeds are projected to 10 mAGL by
S(10m) = S(h)
ln(10=z0)
ln(h=z0)
: (1)
For Iceland the surface roughness length z0
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_005.pdf
). Locations of the weather sta-
tions, used to reconstruct the temperature and precipitation records,
are shown with letters: Reykjavík (R), Fagurhólmýri (F), Hæll (H),
Stykkishólmur (S), Teigarhorn (T), Vestamannaeyjar (V), Akureyri
(A) and Hólar in Hornafjörður (HH). (B) The surface topography of
Vatnajökull ice cap. Dots show the sites of mass balance and veloc-
ity measurements, blue dots show
/media/ces/Adalgeirsdottir-etal-tc-5-961-2011.pdf