of Iceland
* Corresponding author, e-mail: sng4 (at) hi.is
ABSTRACT
Kotárjökull is one of several outlet glaciers draining the ice-covered central volcano
Öræfajökull in SE-Iceland. We estimate the average annual specific mass loss of the glacier,
to be 0.22 m (water equivalent) per year over the post Little Ice Age period 1891–2011. The
glacial recession corresponds to an areal decrease
/media/vatnafar/joklar/Reykholt-abstracts.pdf
water courses. This can in some cases cause locally very large relative changes in the discharge of rivers that issue from glacier margins, with implications for bridges, roads and other infrastructure.
During historical times, glaciers and ice caps in the Nordic countries have retreated and advanced in response to climate changes that are believed to have been much smaller than the greenhouse/ces/project/hydropower_snow_ice/
observed in the Bárðarbunga area past 24 hours, the largest M4.6; several others over M4 and about twenty under M2 in the northern part of the intrusion.
3 November 2014 12:00 - from the Scientific Advisory Board
Conditions at Bárðarbunga are unchanged. See Notes from the meeting of the Scientific Advisory Board.
3 November 2014 10:00 - from geoscientist on duty
About 60 earthquakes have been
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/articles/nr/3023
detected
under the northern part of the intrusion, all within 2 in size.
4 November 2014 10:00 - from geoscientist on duty
About 100 earthquakes were observed in the Bárðarbunga area past 24 hours, the largest
M4.6; several others over M4 and about twenty under M2 in the northern part of the intrusion.
3 November 2014 12:00 - from the Scientific Advisory Board
Conditions at Bárðarbunga
/media/jar/Bardarbunga-2014_November-events.pdf
observed in the Bárðarbunga area past 24 hours, the largest M4.6; several others over M4 and about twenty under M2 in the northern part of the intrusion.
3 November 2014 12:00 - from the Scientific Advisory Board
Conditions at Bárðarbunga are unchanged. See Notes from the meeting of the Scientific Advisory Board.
3 November 2014 10:00 - from geoscientist on duty
About 60 earthquakes have been
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/articles/nr/3023/
in the central volcano and are believed to last from a few days up to 7 months. Activity is periodic with episodes of high activity (60-80 years) with 6-11 eruptions per 40 years, alternating with low activity episodes (60-80 years) with 0-4 eruptions per 40 years. Four large effusive eruption are confirmed during the last 8000 years. The youngest one is the 1783-1784 Laki fires (Skaftáreldar in Icelandic
/volcanoes/about-volcanoes/grimsvotn/
2005 until 2100 and select two periods as
a focus of this study; the mid-century (2041-2060) and the late-century (2081-2100).
Furthermore, we choose RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 as emission scenarios. The numbers 4.5 and
8.5 indicated the possible radiative forcing in W/m2 in the year 2100 compared to pre-
industrial values, and are a measure of the strength of the anthropogenic greenhouse effect
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2017/VI_2017_009.pdf
to be in the range of US$16-54 trillion (1012) per year, with an average of US$33 trillion per year. Because of the nature of the uncertainties, this must be considered a minimum estimate. Global gross national product total is around US$18 trillion per year."
Dr. Costanza is the Gordon and Lulie Gund Professor of Ecological Economics and director of the Gund Institute for Ecological Economics at the University
/about-imo/news/nr/1658
strikes have been 60 to 70 per hour, most
frequent in the ash plume south of the eruption site.
Noise: No noise from the volcano has been reported.
Meltwater: No changes in water level have been recorded in the rivers Gígja and
Núpsvötn. A heightened conductivity pulse was recorded in Núpsvötn,
peaking at around 11h. This pulse is probably due to the ash fall. Since
the eruption now
/media/jar/Grimsvotn_status_2011-05-22_IES_IMO.pdf