and
watershed scale
Statistical downscaling
Dynamical downscaling
3) Hydrological and water resources
implications -- examples
4) Weak links and the path forward
1) Projected global and regional
runoff changes
Median runoff sensitivities per degree of global warming,
from 68 model pairs – 30-year model average runoff minus
1971-2000 model average (23 models, 3 global emissions
scenarios)
51
/media/ces/Lettenmaier_Dennis_CES_2010pdf.pdf
6University of Washington,
Seattle, WA 98195, USA. 7NOAA Geophysical Fluid
Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
*Author for correspondence. E-mail: cmilly@usgs.gov.
An uncertain future challenges water planners.
Published by AAAS
on July 12, 201
1
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POLICYFORUM
combined with opera-
tions
/media/loftslag/Milly_etal-2008-Stationarity-dead-Science.pdf
of PGV for two events M2 and M1 with M2 > M1 simplifies to:
))((log 12
1
2
10 MMgabPGV
PGV −⋅+=⎟⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎜⎝
⎛
,
so PGV2 is greater than or equal to PGV1 when b+a·g ≥ 0; that is, g ≤ -b/a (note that a is
negative). In appendix B we show that in this case PGV2 ≥ PGV1 for not only r = 0, but for all r
≥ 0. In order to exclude PGV2 from being smaller than PGV1 – a larger event having smaller
PGV than
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_012.pdf
focussing on the maintenance of existing monitoring systems and on the use of data in modelling studies related to Arctic hydrology.
The diagram indicates the contribution from different regions and rivers to mean annual inflow of freshwater to the Arctic Ocean (total: 4270 km3 per year). A significant part of the inflow is unmonitored because no hydrological stations are operated in large areas
/about-imo/news/nr/2447
at the rate of +0.7°C per century. This is similar to the general temperature increase in the whole Northern hemisphere during the same period. The warming has been very uneven, dominated by three cold periods and two warm ones.
Annual temperature in Stykkishólmur 1798 to 2007
Figure 1. Annual temperature in Stykkishólmur 1798 to 2007. Note that the values prior to 1845
/climatology/articles/nr/1213
at the rate of +0.7°C per century. This is similar to the general temperature increase in the whole Northern hemisphere during the same period. The warming has been very uneven, dominated by three cold periods and two warm ones.
Annual temperature in Stykkishólmur 1798 to 2007
Figure 1. Annual temperature in Stykkishólmur 1798 to 2007. Note that the values prior to 1845
/climatology/articles/nr/1213/
and western sides of the crater
lake is a wall of ice. On the northern side a tephra wall rises 20 meters
above the water. The ice walls at the southwestern corner of the crater
are melting, i.e. at the site of the vent that was active 4 – 6 June. The
rate of melting is assumed to be about one cuber meter per second.
Seismic tremor: Low tremor level. Pulses are observed off and on.
Earthquakes
/media/jar/Eyjafjallajokull_status_2010-06-15_IES_IMO.pdf
stake positions and sounding lines for mass balance measurements (2007),position of the Automatic Weather Station (AWS) and glacier extent in 1951, 1968, 1984 and 1997. Glacier contours (50 m) are from1997
LISS M. ANDREASSEN AND JOHANNES OERLEMANS
? The authors 2009
Journal compilation ? 2009 Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography236
w.e. per year (data: NVE; Kjøllmoen et al. 2007).The mean
/media/ces/GA_2009_91A_4_Andreassen.pdf
retreated and advanced in
response to climate changes that are believed to have been much smaller than the greenhouse-
induced climate changes that are expected during the next decades to century. The “Hydropower,
snow and ice” work group of CES will analyse the effects of future climate change on glaciers and
ice caps in Nordic countries and their implications for the hydrology of glacial rivers
/media/ces/ces_flyer_glacierssnowandice.pdf
over the past 130 years
A scientific
article by Icelandic glaciologists is an important contribution to global studies
and assessments of climate change. The average mass loss of the Icelandic
glaciers per unit area in recent decades is among the highest on Earth.
7.12.2020
/about-imo/news/new-article-on-glacier-changes-in-iceland-over-the-past-130-years