6 Net downward shortwave radiation flux at the surface .................................... 18
7 Net downward longwave radiation flux at the surface ..................................... 19
8 Net downward total radiation flux at the surface............................................ 20
9 Upward sensible heat flux from the ground .................................................. 22
10 Air
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_006.pdf
): ~0.1 m w.e.
RCM analysis
HIRHAM4
RCAO
mean corr: 0.16 m w.e.
mean corr: 0.09 m w.e.
final results
bias correction:
• Ta = TaRCM + Toffset
• Pdaily = PRCM(daily) · (Pmeas(80-06) / PRCM(80-06))
• Sin : no bias correction required
discussion and synthesis
16 / 16
• scenarios?
• analysis of RCM performance
• complex bias pattern
• might contribute to improvement of RCMs
• RCMs for local glacier mass
/media/ces/Machguth_Horst_CES_2010.pdf
The CES Risk Assessment Framework
for distribution companies
Climate risk assessment in
distribution companies in Denmark
Edward James-Smith
Ea Energy Analyses
Objectives
• VTT developed risk assessment framework for
hydro power generators
• Ea Energy Analyses role to adapt the
framework for use by grid companies
Methodology
• Qualitative methodology
• Case studies
– Two Danish grid companies
/media/ces/James-Smith_Edward_CES_2010.pdf
conditions as a lower
boundary condition from the driving GCM. The RCAO model-output is from a pan-arctic
run for the years 1960–2080 at approx. 50 km resolution. The first 20 years of the model run
must be considered as spin-up time for the ocean module. The RCAO run is experimental
since the model is in a development state and the output has not yet been evaluated over
Greenland (Ralf Döscher, personal
/media/ces/ces_geus_paakitsoq_full_report.pdf
of market organisation alternatives
26.8.2011Adriaan Perrels/IL 10
Cost-benefit analysis – the basics 3
Simple example: despite positive IRR still cash flow challenge years 1 - 8
CBA example - initial investment 100; interest and discount 5%;
operational cost +5%/y; benefits +10%/y; IRR = 7.4%
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
years
m
o
n
e
y
u
n
it
s
writing off
finance
/media/loftslag/Perrels-CBA.pdf
(alb: AWS)
MODELLING LONG-TERM SUMMER AND WINTER BALANCES
? The authors 2009
Journal compilation ? 2009 Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography 241
ed temperatures relative to –20°C to account for de-cay of snow albedo at temperatures below the melt-ing point, following a study by Winther (1993). Wetested both approaches, and chose to use –5°C asthe minimum for the accumulated temperature
/media/ces/GA_2009_91A_4_Andreassen.pdf
at higher northern latitudes (Figure 1.2). Average Arctic tem-
peratures have increased at almost twice the global average rate in
the past 100 years. Land regions have warmed faster than the oceans
(Figures 1.2 and 2.5). Observations since 1961 show that the aver-
age temperature of the global ocean has increased to depths of at
least 3000m and that the ocean has been taking up over 80/media/loftslag/IPPC-2007-ar4_syr.pdf