Hekla eruptions often result in multiple hazards, including tephra emissions, lava flows, pyroclastic flows and flooding due to snow-melt. Depending on weather conditions at the time of the next eruption, fine-grained ash could be lofted to high elevation, with international implications for air travel. Since 1970, the volcano has erupted at roughly decadal intervals (1970, 1980-81, 1991 and 2000
/about-imo/news/monitoring-hekla
to 36 km
(~7- 32 mi)
head2right ECHAM5 forcing
head2right CCSM3 forcing
(A1B and A2 scenarios)
HadRM
Resolution: 25 km
(~15 mi)
head2right HadCM3 forcing
Land-Atmosphere Interactions
Snow Cover Change Temperature Change
Change in winter temperature (degrees C)Change in fraction of days with snow cover
Wintertime Change from 1990s to 2050s
Salathé et al. 2008
Extreme Precipitation
Change from 1970/media/ces/Lettenmaier_Dennis_CES_2010pdf.pdf
antropologi och geografi. Stockholm, 36-55.
Pettersson, O. 1914. Climatic variations in historic and prehistoric time. Svenska Hydrografisk-Biologiska Kommissionens Skrifter 5, 1-26.
Bull, E. 1915. Islands klima i Oldtiden. Geografisk Tidskrift 23, 1-5.
Hannes Finnsson 1970. Mannfækkun af hallærum. Jón Eyþórsson og Jóhannes Nordal (ritstj.), 2. útg. með athugasemdum og skýringum. Almenna bókafélagið
/climatology/articles/nr/1138
antropologi och geografi. Stockholm, 36-55.
Pettersson, O. 1914. Climatic variations in historic and prehistoric time. Svenska Hydrografisk-Biologiska Kommissionens Skrifter 5, 1-26.
Bull, E. 1915. Islands klima i Oldtiden. Geografisk Tidskrift 23, 1-5.
Hannes Finnsson 1970. Mannfækkun af hallærum. Jón Eyþórsson og Jóhannes Nordal (ritstj.), 2. útg. með athugasemdum og skýringum. Almenna bókafélagið
/climatology/articles/nr/1138/
on Heimaey to monitor seismicity in the area during the Surtsey eruption. Two years later the institute set up a station on Surtsey. After 1970, the Science Institute, in collaboration with other Icelandic institutes, monitored seismic activity in several regions around the country with portable instruments. From 1972 - 1985, the Science Institute and the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory in New
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/conferences/jsr-2009/100_years/
-scale Category
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Casualties and Timing
Casualties and Time of Day
150
200
250
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Fatalities
0
50
100
Overnight Morning Early Afternoon Late Afternoon Late Evening
I
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Injuries
Nocturnal Tornadoes
7
8
9
10
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/media/loftslag/Tornado_Impacts_-_FMI_Presentation.pdf
4
Contents
1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 72 Study area and data ..................................................................................... 7
2.1 River basins .......................................................................................... 7
2.2 Streamflow data
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_009.pdf
drainage
works, and land-cover and land-use change.
Two other (sometimes indistinguishable)
challenges to stationarity have been exter-
nally forced, natural climate changes and
low-frequency, internal variability (e.g., the
Atlantic multidecadal oscillation) enhanced
by the slow dynamics of the oceans and ice
sheets (2, 3). Planners have tools to adjust
their analyses for known human distur-
bances
/media/loftslag/Milly_etal-2008-Stationarity-dead-Science.pdf