citizenry, to those that only give local level the right to fulfil explicitly
given statutory aims (Wilson and
Game 2006). Like regional actors, local actors may be able
to access levels beyond those immediately relevant to them by ‘jumping scale’ (Princen 2007,
Gupta 2008). As Princen (2007) notes for the EU, ‘subnational and private actors will turn to
the EU in order to bypass
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