HYDROPOWER IN ICELAND
Impacts and adaption in future climate
Authors
Óli Grétar Blöndal Sveinsson (Phd)
Úlfar Linnet (MSc)
Elías B. Elíasson (MSc)
Landsvirkjuns system
•Installed power 1850 MW
• 96 % Hydroelectricity
• 4% Geothermal
•Production capacity 13 TWh/a
•Customer base
• 86 % Large industries
• 14 % Small businesses / Household
•No connection to other countries
•Reliability a major
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and the geographic extent of Figure 1b. Except where indicated, all networks are operated by
IMO, which displays data in real-time at http://www.vedur.is/english/. (b) Map of the Vat-
najökull ice cap, showing the 1 November 2004 eruption site and located earthquakes in the
month preceding the eruption. Epicenters in Skeidarárjökull outlet glacier represent icequakes
induced by the jökulhlaup
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deposits
is generally less than 50 m in the central and northeastern
Figure 1. Map showing the land use in the catchment. The subcatchment (indicated in red) is used to
study the effects of land use changes. The inset shows the location of the study area in Denmark.
Figure 2. Map showing the soil types in the catchment.
Six discharge stations (triangles) are indicated. Locations A
and B indicate
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). Locations of the weather sta-
tions, used to reconstruct the temperature and precipitation records,
are shown with letters: Reykjavík (R), Fagurhólmýri (F), Hæll (H),
Stykkishólmur (S), Teigarhorn (T), Vestamannaeyjar (V), Akureyri
(A) and Hólar in Hornafjörður (HH). (B) The surface topography of
Vatnajökull ice cap. Dots show the sites of mass balance and veloc-
ity measurements, blue dots show
/media/ces/Adalgeirsdottir-etal-tc-5-961-2011.pdf
a systematic com-
parison of results to observed precipitation has been carried out. Un-
dercatchment of solid precipitation is dealt with by looking only at
days when precipitation is presumably liquid or by considering the
occurrence and non-occurrence of precipitation. Away from non-
resolved orography, the long term means (months, years) of observed
and simulated precipitation are often
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in Finland
Noora Veijalainen a,*, Eliisa Lotsari b, Petteri Alho b, Bertel Vehviläinen a, Jukka Käyhkö b
a Freshwater Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Mechelininkatu 34a, P.O. Box 140, FI-00251, Helsinki, Finland
b Department of Geography, FI-20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 7 January 2010
Received in revised form 13 June 2010
Accepted
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
in various phenomena, many of which directly impact humans (IPCC, 2013). One such
aspect is sea level. Sea levels have been rising with increasing rates since the early 20th century and
are virtually certain to continue to do so for centuries to come (Church, Clark, et al., 2013). About
70% of 1970 - 2005 sea level rise has been attributed to human activities (Aimée B. A. Slangen
et al., 2016
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and our intention is to run these models dur-
ing times of hazardous events and even on a daily
basis to further improve monitoring.
Avalanche monitoring has progressed. The em-
phasis is now on improving our services, especially
to the Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration
with regard to transport. The reason is that com-
munity structure has changed considerably in recent
years and the need
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