-scale Category
P
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t
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C
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g
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y
F
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t
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t
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e
s
Permanent Homes
Casualties and Timing
Casualties and Time of Day
150
200
250
I
n
de
x
V
a
l
u
e
Fatalities
0
50
100
Overnight Morning Early Afternoon Late Afternoon Late Evening
I
n
de
x
V
a
l
u
e
Injuries
Nocturnal Tornadoes
7
8
9
10
R
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N
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t
t
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O
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T
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
F0 F1 F2 F3 F4
F
/media/loftslag/Tornado_Impacts_-_FMI_Presentation.pdf
grants ons European tax over- level
costs ment ment comprehen- build- and com- Regional De- heads
1991- 1991- sive- and ings pensation velopment
Mainten- Cons- life cycle according Fund in the
ance 1960- truction financial to the structural fund
1990 1960- projects Road programmes
1990 Act1) of the EU
Expenditure of Finnish Road Administration in 1960 - 2009
1 000 e
1980 42 409 153 761 14
/media/loftslag/Traffc-maintenance_expenditures.pdf
is then
proportional to the mean cube of wind speed,
E =
1
2
r¯ A3G(1+3=k) ; (3)
where r¯ is average air density. Wind power density only depends on atmospheric variables, and is
therefore most appropriate for turbine-independent evaluations of wind energy potential, such as
for wind atlases. To be able to determine the actual power or energy, which can be extracted from
the atmosphere, specific information
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2013/2013_001_Nawri_et_al.pdf
the results for all catchments, with
that method. The deterministic predictions were also compared to two benchmark determinis-
tic predictions, i) monthly climate in the period 1961–2000, i.e. F(t0 +D) = E[A(M)], and ii)
persistence, i.e. F(t0 +D) = A(t0), where F is the forecast and A the observation or analysis.
Figures 5 to 8 present the scatter plots of observed temperature and precipitation versus
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_006.pdf
applied in various case studies,
the Risk Assessment Framework and its tools have
been shown to aid visualisation of the risks and
i i i d i h li h i h
Supporting decision‐making
t e g g te r s s an opportun t es n re at on to
the likelihood of the examined scenarios and the
likelihood of the risks and opportunities identified.
The different quadrants of the table (act, prepare and
monitor) guide
/media/ces/ces_risk_flyer.pdf
versa
• Very large range within the simulations
• Larger number of observation stations in the study area leads to
• better compatibility between different observational data sets
• smaller bias in the model simulations
CES Conference, Oslo 31.5.-2.6.2010
References
• Haylock, M. R., Hofstra, N., Klein Tank, A. M. G., Klok, E. J., Jones, P.
D. and New, M. 2008. A European daily high-resolution
/media/ces/TietavainenHanna_CES_2010.pdf
≤
≤
>−
0
00
0
)(
TTif
TTifTTDDFsnow
≤
>−
0
00
0
)(
TTif
TTifTTDDFice
Mean annual temperature difference
Difference relative to 1971-2000
Difference between 25% warmest and 25% coldest years
barb2right +1°C (25% warmest)
barb2right -0.7°C (25% coldest)
barb2right +1.7°C
Catchment elevation (m.a.s.l)
Catchment elevation (m.a.s.l)
s
n
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w
m
e
l
t
(
m
m
/
d
)
g
l
a
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t
/media/ces/Crochet_Philippe_CES_2010.pdf
which are significantly lower com-
pared with similar beginning and end years. Consequently, for the 2004–50 period, the average
RCM warming rates of 0.29 K per decade over the ocean, and 0.35 K per decade over the land are
somewhat larger than for the reduced IPCC ensemble mean.
Additionally, the tabulated values of SAT differences between the 1961–90 control period and
either the 2021–50
/media/ces/2010_005_.pdf
European Plate Observing System - Norway (EPOS-N):
Integrating the Norwegian Solid Earth Data
Kuvvet Atakan1 and the EPOS-Norway Consortium2
1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Norway, E-mail: Kuvvet.Atakan@uib.no
2 EPOS www.epos-no.org
The European Plate Observing System (EPOS) aims to create a pan-European infrastructure for solid
Earth science to support a safe
/media/norsem/norsem_atakan_norway.pdf