of
fu tu re clim ate,
hydro lo gic al m o del or
wind m odel.
Conse quen c e
catego ry
Like lih ood of
th e
consequ ence s
to the e ne rgy
pr od uc tion
R isk r educ tio n
/ con trol /
po tential
D istribution
netw ork
P ow er
p lan t
En erg y sour ce,
(e.g . catchme nt
area , pe at or
b iomass
prod uctio n area )
Like lihood
of th e
phen om ena
Sc en arios and
Ph enom ena
/media/ces/Keranen_Jaana_CES_2010.pdf
Harrison, G.P., Cradden, L.C., Zacheshigriva, A., Nairn, S. and Chick, J.P.
Sensitivity of thermal power generation to climate change .................................................................................. 96
James-Smith, E., Henning, D. and Holmboe, N.M.
Impact of a changing climate on power production in the Nordic region
/media/ces/ces-oslo2010_proceedings.pdf
)
Best case (1.5 C increase; 2%
increase in prec)
BAU A B
Change +30 % C D
Scenario
combination
Impact
Adaptation measures
North South North South
A *
CC: Possible increase in the
amount of snow more
snow clearing increase in
operational costs
S-E: increase in traffic
volume increased wear of
roads increase in
maintenance cost.
**
CC: Possibly less snow,
more rain
/media/loftslag/Group3-The-future-of-the-Finnish-national-road-network.pdf
and direction, as well as air temperature, from the IMO operational surface station net-
work. Most anemometers are installed at 10 m above ground level (mAGL). However, at some
stations, surface winds are measured at different heights, h, varying between 4.0 and 18.3 m.
3This is done using a GRIB-API command on Parameter 141 (snow depth) in the earliest boundary
data file: grib_set -f -d 0.0 -w
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_005.pdf
Reykjavík, 209 s.
Ogilvie, A. E. J. 1991. Climatic changes in Iceland A. D. c. 865 to 1598. Í: The Norse of the North Atlantic (Presented by G. F. Bigelow). Acta Archaeologica 61(1990), 233-251.
Ogilvie, A. E. J. 1992. Documentary evidence for changes in the climate of Iceland, A. D. 1500 to 1800. Í R.S. Bradley and P. D. Jones. Climate Since A.D. 1500. Routledge. London and New York, 92-117
/climatology/articles/nr/1138
Reykjavík, 209 s.
Ogilvie, A. E. J. 1991. Climatic changes in Iceland A. D. c. 865 to 1598. Í: The Norse of the North Atlantic (Presented by G. F. Bigelow). Acta Archaeologica 61(1990), 233-251.
Ogilvie, A. E. J. 1992. Documentary evidence for changes in the climate of Iceland, A. D. 1500 to 1800. Í R.S. Bradley and P. D. Jones. Climate Since A.D. 1500. Routledge. London and New York, 92-117
/climatology/articles/nr/1138/
to be simple and therefore has important drawbacks.
Future improvements should be made in the light of applications within a larger toolbox of scenario
methods.
2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
* Tel.: +31 317 482422; fax: +31 317 419000.
E-mail address: kasper.kok@wur.nl.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Global Environmental Change
journa l homepage: www.e lsev ier .com/ locate
/media/loftslag/Kok_JGEC658_2009.pdf
costs
B *
CC: No change
S-E: increase in traffic volume
increased wear of roads
increase in maintenance cost
**
Possibly more snow increase in
operational costs
C ** ***
CC: Less snow, more rain
Increase in freeze/thaw cycles
less snow clearing, more salting
needed, increase in frequency of
extreme weather events (flooding)
D ** **
CC: Increase in freeze/thaw
/media/loftslag/Group3-Road-scenarios.pdf
Annual
report
? Icelandic Met O?e
Bústaðavegur –
Reykjavík
Iceland
Editors:
Sigurlaug
Gunnlaugsdóttir
Sigrún Karlsdóttir
Ingvar Kristinsson
Theódór F. Hervarsson
Design and layout:
Vinnustofa
Atla Hilmarssonar
Printing:
Oddi
Cover photo:
Oddur Sigurðsson
ISSN -
The Icelandic Meteorological O?ce, IMO, is responsi -
ble for real-time monitoring and forecasting
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/arsskyrslur/VED_AnnualReport-2013_screen.pdf
figure per 100,000
in the decade 2020–2030 compared to the period 2005–2015;c) Reduce direct disaster economic loss in
relation to global gross domestic product (GDP) by 2030;d) Substantially reduce disaster damage to
critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services, among them health and
educational facilities, including through developing their resilience by 2030;e) Substantially
/about-imo/news/international-day-for-disaster-reduction-13th-of-october-2017-home-safe-home