nostaa,
m utta
oh ijuoksutu
ksia tulee
Sähkönvas tus kasvaa
-> energ iahäv iö ita
Muuntajien
elinikä lyhenee
Jääkannen
m uodostaminen
h idastuu
Very likely,
the
probab ility
that the next
decade is
warmer is
90% .
Ilm iö
1 .1 – korkeammat
läm pötilat etenkin talvella
Skenario
1. Lä mpimäpi i lmasto
O ma luokitteluOma luokit te lu
Nykyiset t ai
tuleva t
varautumiskahdo
llisuudet
/media/ces/Keranen_Jaana_CES_2010.pdf
Resources and Energy Directorate
Edited by: Heidi H. Pikkarainen
Print: Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate
Number printed: 130
Cover design: Rune Stubrud
Prepared for: The CES project
Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate
Middelthunsgate 29
P.O. Box 5091 Majorstua
N-0301 OSLO
NORWAY
Telephone: +47 22 959595
Fax: +47 22 9590 00
/media/ces/ces-oslo2010_proceedings.pdf
)
Best case (1.5 C increase; 2%
increase in prec)
BAU A B
Change +30 % C D
Scenario
combination
Impact
Adaptation measures
North South North South
A *
CC: Possible increase in the
amount of snow more
snow clearing increase in
operational costs
S-E: increase in traffic
volume increased wear of
roads increase in
maintenance cost.
**
CC: Possibly less snow,
more rain
/media/loftslag/Group3-The-future-of-the-Finnish-national-road-network.pdf
......................... 17
8 Monthly averages of SURFEX or projected 2-m air temperature ...................... 18
9 Local correction factors for 10-m wind speed ............................................... 19
10 Interpolated correction factors for 10-m wind speed ...................................... 20
11 Monthly averages of original or corrected temperature and wind speed .............. 21
12
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_005.pdf
of drift ice and temperature in Iceland in 1000 years. Jökull 19, 95?101.
Þorvaldur Thoroddsen 1916-1917. Árferði á Íslandi í þúsund ár. Hið íslenska fræðafélag, Kaupmannahöfn 1916-1917, 432 s.
Jón Eyþórsson 1949. Temperature variations in Iceland. Í Mannerfelt, C. M. (ed.), Glaciers and climate: geophysical and geomorphological essays dedicated to Hans W:son Ahlmann. Svenska sällskapet för
/climatology/articles/nr/1138
of drift ice and temperature in Iceland in 1000 years. Jökull 19, 95?101.
Þorvaldur Thoroddsen 1916-1917. Árferði á Íslandi í þúsund ár. Hið íslenska fræðafélag, Kaupmannahöfn 1916-1917, 432 s.
Jón Eyþórsson 1949. Temperature variations in Iceland. Í Mannerfelt, C. M. (ed.), Glaciers and climate: geophysical and geomorphological essays dedicated to Hans W:son Ahlmann. Svenska sällskapet för
/climatology/articles/nr/1138/
after 20–30 iterations,
although total stabilisation can take more than 100 iterations.
Fig. 2 shows two directed graphs of the Fuzzy Cognitive Map and
the development of the values of state vector A for the first 30
iterations. The right-hand side graph has one additional
relationship e23 = 0.5.
2.5. Interpretation of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps
All input and output of a Fuzzy Cognitive Map is semi
/media/loftslag/Kok_JGEC658_2009.pdf
in asphalt, road maintenace
Change: 30% more than BAU
Socio-economic scenario
Climate scenario
Worst case (4.4 C increase;
17 % increase in prec)
Best case (1.5 C increase; 2% increase in
prec)
BAU A B
Change +30 % C D
Spatial analogues:
- regions which today have a similar climate to the expected future one the study region (IPCC TAR,
2001)
- limited by possible lack
/media/loftslag/Group3-Road-scenarios.pdf
(). The circulation of Icelandic waters-a
modelling study. Ocean Science , –.
Nygaard, B. E. K., Hálfdán Ágústsson & K.
Somfalvi-Toth (). Modeling wet snow ac-
cretion on power lines: improvements to previ-
ous methods using years of observations.
Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology
(), –.
Philippe Crochet (). Sensitivity of Icelandic
river basins to recent
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/arsskyrslur/VED_AnnualReport-2013_screen.pdf
figure per 100,000
in the decade 2020–2030 compared to the period 2005–2015;c) Reduce direct disaster economic loss in
relation to global gross domestic product (GDP) by 2030;d) Substantially reduce disaster damage to
critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services, among them health and
educational facilities, including through developing their resilience by 2030;e) Substantially
/about-imo/news/international-day-for-disaster-reduction-13th-of-october-2017-home-safe-home