the discharge in Skaftá and the
temperature of the flood water close to the glacier margin were measured. The dis-
charge from the subglacial lake during the jökulhlaup was calculated using a hypso-
metric curve for the subglacial lake, estimated from the form of the surface cauldron
after jökulhlaups. The maximum outflow from the lake during the jökulhlaup is esti-
mated as 123 m3 s 1 while
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf
(-33%) during 1970 to 2004 has been smaller than the com-
bined effect of global income growth (77%) and global population
growth (69%); both drivers of increasing energy-related CO2 emis-
sions. The long-term trend of declining CO2 emissions per unit of en-
ergy supplied reversed after 2000. {WGIII 1.3, Figure SPM.2, SPM}
Differences in per capita income, per capita emissions and
energy
/media/loftslag/IPPC-2007-ar4_syr.pdf
/EPP 2
Stakeholders analysis
26 August 2011 PM/YZ/EPP 3
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/media/loftslag/Group5-Stakeholders_involvement.pdf
were carried out to obtain the flow and
sliding parameters for Hoffellsjökull that resulted in a good
simulation of the observed 20th century evolution of the
glacier geometry. The obtained values for the rate factor
and the sliding parameter are A= 4.6× 10−15 s−1 kPa−3 and
C = 10× 10−15 m a−1 Pa−3, respectively.
The ice divide is kept at a fixed location in the model com-
putations presented here
/media/ces/Adalgeirsdottir-etal-tc-5-961-2011.pdf
outcomes and/or probabilities of these outcomes is the
central focus. Thus according to our definition a person is un-
certain if s/he lacks confidence about the specific outcomes of
an event. Reasons for this lack of confidence might include
a judgement of the information as incomplete, blurred, inaccu-
rate, unreliable, inconclusive, or potentially false. Similarly,
a person is certain if s/he
/media/loftslag/Refsgaard_etal-2007-Uncertainty-EMS.pdf
24 July 2010
This manuscript was handled by K.
Georgakakos, Editor-in-Chief, with the
assistance of Ercan Kahya, Associate Editor
Keywords:
Climate change
Flood
Hydrological modelling
Flood inundation area
Hydraulic modelling
Finland
s u m m a r y
This paper provides a general overview of changes in flooding caused by climate change in Finland for the
periods 2010–2039 and 2070–2099. Changes
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
a systematic com-
parison of results to observed precipitation has been carried out. Un-
dercatchment of solid precipitation is dealt with by looking only at
days when precipitation is presumably liquid or by considering the
occurrence and non-occurrence of precipitation. Away from non-
resolved orography, the long term means (months, years) of observed
and simulated precipitation are often
/media/ces/Paper-Olafur-Rognvaldsson_92.pdf
The hydraulic conduc-
tivity of the sand formations is generally high, of the order
of 104–103 m/s [Harrar et al., 2003; Sonnenborg et al.,
2003]. In general, groundwater flows from east to west. At
the water divide to the east the hydraulic head level is about
75 masl, decreasing to sea level at the west coast. The
average head gradient is 0.001. The seasonal variation in
head values is generally less
/media/loftslag/vanRoosmalen_etal-2009-WRR_2007WR006760.pdf
exist that reach
back to early 19th century but most series are much shorter (Hamlington and Thompson, 2016). In
contrast, satellite altimetry has only been available since the early 1990’s. Satellite altimetry mea-
sures the sea surface height, namely the sea level compared to a fixed reference frame (the center of
the earth, the geoid or a reference ellipsoid) for latitudes up to 66 N and S (ESA
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_005.pdf
improving
management policies and practices by learning from the
outcomes of implemented management strategies. Partici-
patory integrated assessment is here a form of problem
structuring for identification of gaps, ambiguity and
multiple frames, confrontation, and integration of the
most divergent views with respect to a given problem
situation.
Additional methods and tools that AM require com/media/loftslag/Henriksen_Barlebo-2008-AWM_BBN-Journ_Env_Management.pdf