the report.
2 Study area and data
2.1 River basins
The region under study is located in the East fjords and the surrounding area (Fig. 1). This region
is characterised by a complex topography along the coast, Vatnajökull ice cap in the southwest
and highlands in the interior. This leads to large precipitation and temperature gradients in the
region (Crochet et al., 2007; Crochet & Jóhannesson, 2011). Eight
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_007.pdf
(L), glacial rivers (J)
and whether they flow through lakes (S). The combination of letters indicates the origin of flow
with the first letter indicating the primary origin. The hydrological regime of these catchments
is influenced by rainfall in autumn and winter, snowmelt in spring (and glacier melt in summer).
15
Table 1. Characteristics of the considered watersheds. Letter combinations indicate
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_006.pdf
combinations indicate the
type of river, with the first letter indicating the primary type. Direct runoff river (D), presence
of lakes (S), glacier-fed river (J), groundwater (L).
Gauging station vhm vhm vhm vhm vhm vhm
19 10 26 145 66 64
Name Dynjandisá Svartá Sandá Vestari- Hvítá Ölfusá
Jökulsá
Type of river D+L D+L D+L D+J+LL+J L+D+J+S
Drainage area (km 2) 42 397 267 850 1664 5687
Mean altitude (m a.s.l
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26 October 2012
ESC statement on L’Aquila sentence
The European Seismological Commission (ESC) as a Commission of the
International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior
(IASPEI) endorses and adheres to the IASPEI Press Release on the L'Aquila
sentence (http://www.iaspei.org/news_items/laquila_IASPEI_press_release_final.pdf
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/hlidarefni/ESC-IASPEI-statement-LAquila-2012-1.pdf
presents the study area and data. Sec-
tion 3 describes the methodology. Section 4 presents the results and Section 5 concludes the
report.
2 Study area and data
2.1 River basins
Rivers in Iceland are often classified according to the origin of flow (Rist, 1990): direct runoff
(D), spring-fed (L), glacier-fed (J) and whether they flow through lakes (S). Twelve river basins
were selected for this study
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in km2, L the
catchment perimeter in km, Z the catchment mean altitude in meters, P the catchment averaged
mean annual precipitation in mm/day for the period 1971–2000 and Pm the catchment averaged
mean annual maximum daily precipitation in mm/day for the period 1971–2000.
3.3 Evaluation statistics
The evaluation of the index flood regression models (Eqs. 7 to 12) was first conducted by calcu
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6University of Washington,
Seattle, WA 98195, USA. 7NOAA Geophysical Fluid
Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
*Author for correspondence. E-mail: cmilly@usgs.gov.
An uncertain future challenges water planners.
Published by AAAS
on July 12, 201
1
www.sciencemag.or
g
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1 FEBRUARY 2008 VOL 319 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org574
POLICYFORUM
combined with opera-
tions
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%)
Subpolar wetlands: 7,208 km2 (7.5%)
Subpolar crops: 2,380 km2 (2.5%)
Inland water4: 1,463 km2 (1.5%)
4Including also the coastal lagoon Hópið, and the estuary at Höfn.
9
Inland Water
Subpolar Wetlands
Subpolar Crops
Subpolar Pastures
Tundra
Sparse Tundra
Permanent Snow
Vatnajökull
Mýrdalsjökull
Langjökull
Hofsjökull
Drangajökull
Eyja
fjall
ajö
kul
l
Reykjanesskagi
Sp
ren
gis
an
du
r
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lake in a volcanic caldera in the interior of the Vatnajökull ice cap (Björns-
son, 1988). Jökulhlaups from Grímsvötn have been known since at least the fourteenth
century (Þórarinsson, 1939, 1974). In the beginning of the twentieth century there were
about ten years between outbursts but the floods diminished with time and became
more frequent. After a catastrophic, rapidly rising flood caused
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf