-time and
detects signal characteristics similar to previously observed eruptions using a three-fold
detection procedure based on: 1) an amplitude threshold; 2) the signal-to-noise ratio; and 3) an
emergent ramp-like shape. Data from six Icelandic eruptions was used to assess and tune the
module, which can provide 10–15 minutes of warning for Hekla up to over two hours of
warning for some other
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cover.
In Iceland and other countries located at around the same latitude and further north, low clouds are defined as clouds located up to 2 km in altitude and middle clouds from 2 km up to 4 km in altitude. A third cloud type, not shown on a specific map (however, the information appears on the map for total cloud cover), is high clouds which can reach from 3 km up to 8 km in altitude.
Main
/weather/articles/nr/1219
and a maximum of 36% over
the overcast snow-free land. At local noon (about 1.5 hours prior to solar noon), the net down-
ward total energy flux is positive across the model domain. It is largely unaffected by cloud
conditions, but significantly depends on surface type. The lowest values of 14 – 15% of the net
Table 2. Noontime downward shortwave radiation flux, upward longwave radiation flux
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_006.pdf
‘‘implode’’—all concepts converge to zero; (2)
the concepts can ‘‘explode’’—all factors increase/decrease con-
tinuously; (3) there is a cyclic stabilisation; (4) all concepts can
stabilise at a constant value. In theory, the procedure should
be repeated at least 2 n (total number of concepts) times to
allow for all indirect effects to play out. In practice, the
pattern can usually be determined
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.............................................................................................. 45
5.3 Present weather ..................................................................................... 45
Appendix ......................................................................................................... 47
5
List of Figures
1 How PWD22 determines the type of precipitation. ........................................ 11
2 Number of records as a function of the height
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2019/VI_2019_009.pdf
series, of which about 28,000 are from European
studies. White areas do not contain sufficient observational climate data to estimate a temperature trend. The 2 x 2 boxes show the total number of data
series with significant changes (top row) and the percentage of those consistent with warming (bottom row) for (i) continental regions: North America (NAM),
Latin America (LA), Europe (EUR), Africa
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...........................................................................................................8
2 Equipment inventory, age and health ...............................................................................9
2.1 Network health ...........................................................................................................9
2.2 Equipment inventory ................................................................................................10
2.3 Receivers
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than can be expected to originate from the cauldrons, three to four times the wa-
ter equivalent of the accumulation of snow over the watershed of the cauldrons. It has
been estimated that flow from the cauldrons, in addition to the jökulhlaups, could be
2–5 m3 s 1 at maximum (Vatnaskil, 2005). It is possible that part of the sulfate-rich
groundwater from the glacier comes from the cauldrons
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf