Av. Ed.
Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
Received: 21 March 2011 – Published in The Cryosphere Discuss.: 6 April 2011
Revised: 5 October 2011 – Accepted: 20 October 2011 – Published: 2 November 2011
Abstract. The Little Ice Age maximum extent of glaciers in
Iceland was reached about 1890 AD and most glaciers in the
country have retreated during the 20th century. A model for
the surface mass balance
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on the mean of the
20
temperature change projections is modest in absolute terms, almost invariably less than 0.3°C
(fourth column). The most notable features in the Nordic area include a slight increase in
warming in western Norway, and a slight decrease in warming in northeastern Fennoscandia.
Figure 4.2. As Figure 4.1, but for the standard deviation of temperature change (unit: °C). The last
/media/ces/D2.3_CES_Prob_fcsts_GCMs_and_RCMs.pdf
of
temperature anomaly
(ºC) between 1991-2007
and 1961-1990
Variation of annual T
anomaly (ºC)
between 1991-2007
and 1961-1990
Seasonal differences of P
anomaly (in %)
between 1991-2007 and
1961-1990
Seasonal differences of Q
anomaly (in %) between
1991-2007 and 1961-1990
Variation of annual P and Q
anomaly (%)
between 1991-2007
and 1961-1990
-40
-25
-10
5
20
35
50
1
9
2
0
1
9
4
0
1
9
6
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conditions as a lower
boundary condition from the driving GCM. The RCAO model-output is from a pan-arctic
run for the years 1960–2080 at approx. 50 km resolution. The first 20 years of the model run
must be considered as spin-up time for the ocean module. The RCAO run is experimental
since the model is in a development state and the output has not yet been evaluated over
Greenland (Ralf Döscher, personal
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)
Clausen, N-E. (2008). Et bud på fremtidens vindkraft-med vægt på landbaseret vind. Vind-workshop om arealplanlægning på Örenäs Slott 26.-27. nov. 2008.
Pryor S.C. (2009): Wind climates: Variability and change. AWEA Fall conference on wind resource estimation. Orlando, Florida, 18-20 November 2009.
Pryor S.C. (2009): Extreme and intense winds. Presentation at Workshop on Climate Scenarios 13
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after 20–30 iterations,
although total stabilisation can take more than 100 iterations.
Fig. 2 shows two directed graphs of the Fuzzy Cognitive Map and
the development of the values of state vector A for the first 30
iterations. The right-hand side graph has one additional
relationship e23 = 0.5.
2.5. Interpretation of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps
All input and output of a Fuzzy Cognitive Map is semi
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