dimension to current mgt. as it utilises the opportunity
provided by the surrounding environment
Energy biomass production
7
What are the challenges?
EU is committed to raise the share of renewable energy to
20% by 2020
This target for Finland is 38% by 2020
The production of energy biomass to substitute fossil fuels
I 2006 21 il 3 (46 TWh) f bi d i n 200 , 21 m . m o energy
/media/ces/Alam_Ashraful_CES_2010.pdf
on the costs of
weather related delays and interruptions. Leviäkangas (2007) mentions an amount of 20 ~ 30
million euro per year. As mentioned before over time road users will start to adapt if they realize
that certain delays occur too frequently. Responses could vary from shifts in departure time to
switching to another mode or even relocation of activities.
A note on service levels
In road
/media/loftslag/Outline_for_the_case_Road_maintenance_in_a_changing_climate.pdf
2050s 2080s
C
h
a
n
g
e
i
n
r
a
t
i
n
g
(
%
)
10%
50%
90%
C
h
a
n
g
e
i
n
r
a
t
i
n
g
(
%
)
C
h
a
n
g
e
i
n
r
a
t
i
n
g
(
%
)
Each bar
shows
range over
whole UK
spatial
area
June 2010 13
Is the impact similar over the
whole UK?
• Changes in the summer minimum rating, i.e.
worst-case conditions – max temperature:
Rating at baseline period 1961
/media/ces/Cradden_Lucy_CES_2010.pdf
Permanent snow
cover
Snow depth
Aug Jun
Maximum snow depth
Accumulative winter precipitation
Number of snow days
(snow depth > 0)
Snow season duration
Introduction Data & Methods Results
Norwegian Meteorological Institute met.no
Simulated
temperature &
precipitation
Observed
snow depth
Time series
• Period I: 1931-60
– 55 stations
• Period II: 1961-90
– 298 stations
• Period III: 1979
/media/ces/Dyrrdal_Anita_CES_2010.pdf
such as ECMWF. I would like to express my appreciation of the ECMWF Council voting unanimously in favour of Iceland’s accession to the ECMWF Convention on 24 February 2011."
Árni Snorrason: “Since Iceland became a Co-operating State in December 1980, the Icelandic Meteorological Office has been able to make good use of ECMWF’s products, in particular to improve our forecasts. Above all, the Centre’s
/about-imo/news/nr/2142
such as ECMWF. I would like to express my appreciation of the ECMWF Council voting unanimously in favour of Iceland’s accession to the ECMWF Convention on 24 February 2011."
Árni Snorrason: “Since Iceland became a Co-operating State in December 1980, the Icelandic Meteorological Office has been able to make good use of ECMWF’s products, in particular to improve our forecasts. Above all, the Centre’s
/about-imo/news/2011/nr/2142
such as ECMWF. I would like to express my appreciation of the ECMWF Council voting unanimously in favour of Iceland’s accession to the ECMWF Convention on 24 February 2011."
Árni Snorrason: “Since Iceland became a Co-operating State in December 1980, the Icelandic Meteorological Office has been able to make good use of ECMWF’s products, in particular to improve our forecasts. Above all, the Centre’s
/about-imo/news/nr/2142/
such as ECMWF. I would like to express my appreciation of the ECMWF Council voting unanimously in favour of Iceland’s accession to the ECMWF Convention on 24 February 2011."
Árni Snorrason: “Since Iceland became a Co-operating State in December 1980, the Icelandic Meteorological Office has been able to make good use of ECMWF’s products, in particular to improve our forecasts. Above all, the Centre’s
/about-imo/news/2011/nr/2142/
fatalities occurred in
mobile homes,
although only 7.6% of
U.S. housing units in
2000.
• A one standard
deviation in the
proportion of mobile
homes in housing stock
(8.3 percentage
points) increases
fatalities by 36% and
injuries by 18%.
The Mobile Home Problem
50
60
70
8090
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
F
a
t
a
l
i
t
i
e
s
Mobile Homes
0
10
20
30
40
F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
F
/media/loftslag/Tornado_Impacts_-_FMI_Presentation.pdf