the com-
plexity of the hydrological processes through modelling, but its application is usually limited to
the short-range. Although the results demonstrated a great potential for this method, its success-
ful application in real-time will strongly depend on the quality and availability of streamflow
observations, which can be poor or simply missing during periods of variable durations, e.g
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_006.pdf
combinations indicate the
type of river, with the first letter indicating the primary type. Direct runoff river (D), presence
of lakes (S), glacier-fed river (J), groundwater (L).
Gauging station vhm vhm vhm vhm vhm vhm
19 10 26 145 66 64
Name Dynjandisá Svartá Sandá Vestari- Hvítá Ölfusá
Jökulsá
Type of river D+L D+L D+L D+J+LL+J L+D+J+S
Drainage area (km 2) 42 397 267 850 1664 5687
Mean altitude (m a.s.l
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2013/VI_2013_008.pdf
presents the study area and data. Sec-
tion 3 describes the methodology. Section 4 presents the results and Section 5 concludes the
report.
2 Study area and data
2.1 River basins
Rivers in Iceland are often classified according to the origin of flow (Rist, 1990): direct runoff
(D), spring-fed (L), glacier-fed (J) and whether they flow through lakes (S). Twelve river basins
were selected for this study
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_009.pdf
study and location of catchments. Catchment vhm278 is embedded
within vhm148 and catchment vhm277 is embedded within vhm149.
9
llllll
ll
llllllllllll
ll llllll ll
l
ll
llllll
0 100 200 300
10
0
20
0
30
0
40
0
Day since 1st Sept.
Q
m³
/s
VHM 148
S O N D J F M A M J J A
ll
ll lll
ll
lll
ll
ll
ll ll
0 100 200 300
15
0
25
0
35
0
45
0
Day since 1st Sept.
Q
m³
/s
VHM
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_007.pdf
in km2, L the
catchment perimeter in km, Z the catchment mean altitude in meters, P the catchment averaged
mean annual precipitation in mm/day for the period 1971–2000 and Pm the catchment averaged
mean annual maximum daily precipitation in mm/day for the period 1971–2000.
3.3 Evaluation statistics
The evaluation of the index flood regression models (Eqs. 7 to 12) was first conducted by calcu
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_001.pdf
of events closely.
Photo: Sigurlaug Gunnlaugsdóttir.
Bárðarbunga
Pálmi Erlendsson, Bergur H. Bergsson and others installing GPS and com-
munication equipment. Photos: Þorgils Ingvarsson and Benedikt G. Ófeigsson.
I C E L A N D I C M E T O F F I C E / A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 1 4
5
The magma intrusion from Bárðarbunga
to the eruption site at Holuhraun and
related tremor pulses
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/IMO_AnnualReport2014.pdf
/lexuriserv/lexuriserv.do?uri=com:2007:0002:FIN:EN:PDF, 13
April 2009.
[2] WTO, World Tourism Organization (2008): “Climate Change and Tourism -
Responding to Global Challenges”, UNWTO, 9 July 2008, Madrid, Spain.
Available at:
http://www.unwto.org/media/news/en/press_det.php?id=1411&idioma=E, 7
March 2010.
[3] Mooney, J.E. y Miller, M.L. (2009): “Climate change: Creating demand for
sustainable
/media/loftslag/ECONOMIC_EFFECTS_OF_CLIMATE_CHANGE_ON_THE_TOURISM_SECTOR_IN_SPAIN.pdf
/EPP 2
Stakeholders analysis
26 August 2011 PM/YZ/EPP 3
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/media/loftslag/Group5-Stakeholders_involvement.pdf
). This can be helpful with respect to
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/media/loftslag/Hare-2011-ParticipatoryModelling.pdf