eruptions close to populated areas
and/or international airports
International Strategy for Disaster
Reduction (www.unisdr.org)
WMO (1999) Comprehensive Risk Assessment for Natural
Hazards WMO/TD No. 955, 92 p.
Living with Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives
(2004)
Global assessment report on disaster risk reduction (2009)
Terminology
www.unisdr.org/eng/terminology
/media/loftslag/Karlsdottir-Risk_analysis_IMO_SK.pdf
The applied glacier mass balance model is a simplified version of the energy balance approach.
An abstract of the model is given in the following, for a comprehensive model description we
refer to Machguth et al. (2009). The model requires air temperature (Ta), global radiation
(Sin) and precipitation (P ) for meteorological input. The model runs at daily steps, and the
cumulative mass balance bc on day t
/media/ces/ces_geus_paakitsoq_full_report.pdf
in Finland. Water Resour Management (2010) 24:3437-3459. DOI 10.1007/s11269-010-9614-z.
Veijalainen N., Lotsari, E., Alho, P., Vehviläinen, B., Käyhkö, J. (2010). National scale assessment of climate change impacts on flooding in Finland. Journal of Hydrology 391 (2010) 333-350.
Yang, W., Andréasson, J., Graham, L.P., Olsson, J., Rosberg, J. & Wetterhall, F. (2010). Distribution-based scaling
/ces/publications/nr/1938
place in the same area on 5
December in 1968 (Tryggvason, 1973; Erlendsson and Einarsson, 1996; Halldórsson,
2004). A quite large event also occurred on the RP on 10 June 1933. Its best known
location is near to Fagradalsfjall, at 63.9°N and 22.2°W, and it was probably of magnitude
M 5.5 (Tryggvason, 1973; Halldórsson, 2004).
8
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/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2010/2010_003rs.pdf
performance of the
model.
REFERENCES
Førland, E. J., Allerup P., Dahlström B., Elomaa E., Jónsson T., Madsen H.,
Perälä J., Rissanen P., Vedin H. and Vejen F. 1996. Manual for operational cor-
rection of Nordic precipitation data. DNMI Report No. 24/96 Klima, 66 pp.
Benoit, R., Pellerin P., Kouwen N., Ritchie H., Donaldson N., Joe P. and Soulis
E. D. 2000. Toward the use of coupled atmospheric
/media/ces/Paper-Olafur-Rognvaldsson_92.pdf
seismicity near to the eruption site in the morning of the 21st.
On the vertical section viewed from the south two velocity models are shown, the SIL-model (black lines) used for the automatic and daily manual location processes, and the improved South-Iceland model (P23, green lines) used in the relocation process. Thin lines show S-wave velocity and thick lines show P-wave velocity.
Eruption site
/about-imo/news/nr/1859
is characteristic for a surface wave. As no body waves are seen prior to the low frequency onset, this event clearly differs from a normal tectonic earthquake which usually starts with clear onsets of P- and S-waves prior to the surface waves.
Figure 2
Interpretation
The preliminary interpretation of this signal is that the low frequency waves in the beginning reflect a slow rupture process
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/articles/nr/2921