et al.,
2002), lava flows at Etna (Favalli et al., 2009) and Fogo Volcano (Richter et al., 2016); for
volcanogenic floods at Öræfajökull volcano (Pagneux et al., 2015). Probabilistic hazard maps
for tephra fallout have been produced for Mt. Etna (Scollo et al., 2013), Campi Flegrei (Costa
et al., 2009), Ruapehu (Bonadonna et al., 2005; Hurst & Smith, 2004), Indonesian volcanoes
(Jenkins et al
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_004.pdf
AN ENSEMBLE OF REGIONAL
CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS FOR
THE NORDIC COUNTRIES
Erik Kjellström, Martin Drews, Jens
Hesselbjerg Christensen, Jan Erik Haugen,
Hilde Haakenstad and Igor Shkolnik
A changing climate in the Nordic region
Climate change in Northern Sweden:
Comparing 2071-2100 vs 1961-1990 (SRES A1B)
Lind & Kjellström, 2008
A changing wind climate in the Nordic
region?
DJF MAM JJA SON
/media/ces/Kjellstrom_Erik_CES_2010.pdf
for communication.
A Project goal - exploration vs decision support:
I. Inclusion of norms? : descriptive vs normative
II. Vantage point: forecasting vs backcasting
III. Subject: issue-based, area-based, institution-based
IV. Time scale: long term vs short term
V. Spatial scale: global/supranational vs national/local
Scenarios – types (van Notten et al., 2003)
WHY? and FOR WHOM?
B Process design
/media/loftslag/Kok_1-scenarios-lecture-1.pdf
obscure observations incl. radar.
Interaction with wind is poorly understood hard to extract a
meaningful top height.
Dry ash has low reflectivity
Plume height during eruption
Dry ash shows poor radar reflectiivity
IMO researchers are
looking carefully at the
plume.
complex vertical
structure
plume height modulated by strong
winds
SO2 vs Ash
Ash resuspension – possible
problem
On June 4-5th
/media/vedurstofan/myndasafn/Eyjafjallajokull_SK_20101214_1.pdf
using best index flood model for each set: µi(D = 0) vs.
bµi(D = 0). Solid red line corresponds to the 1:1 line. Top-left: IFM-CLU with model no.
11. Top-right: IFM-ROI with model no. 5. Bottom-left: IFM-WaSiM with model no. 4.
27
4.3.2 Flood quantiles estimation
The different variations of the IFM proposed in this study, i.e. IFM-CLU, IFM-ROI and IFM-
WaSiM, developed with twelve index flood
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_007.pdf
-11:30
Practical examples + conclusions
• Exploratory scenario development – SAS approach
• Group model building - Fuzzy Cognitive Maps
• Normative scenario development - Backcasting
Conclusions
LECTURE 2
Scenario development
In practice
Content
Lecture 2: scenario development in practice
•Story-And-Simulation approach
•Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping
•Backcasting
A Project goal - exploration vs/media/loftslag/Kok_2-scenarios-lecture-2.pdf
21
15%
55
26
5%
5546% of world's GDP
2233% of world’s population
10%0%Runoff decreases by
Continental U.S. and Alaska
All scenarios Top 200 basins
Precipitation change per degree T change vs
evaporation change per degree T
All scenarios Top 200 basins
Precipitation change per degree T change vs runoff
change per degree T
A1B scenario Top 200 basins
Precipitation change per Degree T change
/media/ces/Lettenmaier_Dennis_CES_2010pdf.pdf
by the various models. In the large figure, months from Jan-
uary (1) to December (12) are depicted. On the right-top corner there is an enlarged illustration for
November-February, i.e., the months with the weakest incident radiation. Unit: MJ m−2 month−1.
analysis would corrupt the results severely. Therefore, the present analysis will be based
on 18 models, with the CSIRO model excluded.
Evaluation
/media/ces/CES_D2.4_solar_CMIP3.pdf