2011).
Possible adaptation measures Adaptations include a shift to lower input and more
perennial agriculture, improved nutrient and soil management with less loss of
nutrients to surface waters, reduced loading from point sources and, where appropriate, re-
establishment of lost wetlands, establishment of riparian buffer zones, re-meandering of
channelized streams and less drastic weed-cutting/media/loftslag/2012-Refsgaard_etal-uncertainty_climate-change-adaptation-MITI343.pdf
m
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/media/ces/2010_017.pdf
The hydrological simulations were performed with the Wa-
tershed Simulation and Forecasting System (WSFS) developed
and operated in the Finnish Environment Institute (Vehviläinen
et al., 2005). The WSFS is used in Finland for operational hydrolog-
ical forecasting and flood warnings (www.environment.fi/water-
forecast/), regulation planning and research purposes
(Vehviläinen and Huttunen, 1997
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
and
developed through horizontal interlinkages at government departments in Finland, with the
aim to mainstream adaptation as an issue across administrative sectors. This method of
preparation followed the same method for governmental strategies for other cross-cutting
issues used in the past: ‘there was enough practice of co-operation between the Ministries to
do this’ (Ministry of Agriculture
/media/loftslag/Keskitalo_et_al-MLG_and_adaptation_FINAL.pdf
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/media/loftslag/Hare-2011-ParticipatoryModelling.pdf
than can be expected to originate from the cauldrons, three to four times the wa-
ter equivalent of the accumulation of snow over the watershed of the cauldrons. It has
been estimated that flow from the cauldrons, in addition to the jökulhlaups, could be
2–5 m3 s 1 at maximum (Vatnaskil, 2005). It is possible that part of the sulfate-rich
groundwater from the glacier comes from the cauldrons
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf
for
example the Sustainability First scenario as developed as part of the
Global Environment Outlook (UNEP, 2007). The backbone of this
scenario is best described as a ‘‘new sustainability paradigm’’. The
scenario projects a strong and total change in human behaviour
cutting across all sectors and all scales. To typify the new situation,
the story uses phrases such as ‘‘new environment and develop-
ment
/media/loftslag/Kok_JGEC658_2009.pdf
with those of a pre 9/11 2001 survey, according to
which Britons (33%) and Europeans (31%) rated ’the environment’ as the most
important global problem (MORI, 2001). Other research also shows that most
people believe that climate change is already happening and will continue in the
future (e.g. Bostrom et al., 1994; Kempton et al., 1995; Dunlap, 1998; Lorenzoni,
2003).
At a cross-cutting European
/media/loftslag/Lorenzoni_Pidgeon_2006.pdf