) noted that Iceland had a maritime
climate that was much milder than its position on the globe might suggest. In
data from 1981–2010, Iceland annual average temperatures ranged from 6°C at the
south coast to 3°C at the north coast, with a substantially colder highland
interior. In comparison with the latitudinal average for the same period, the
coastal temperatures in Iceland are 8–10°C warmer
/climatology/iceland/climate-report/
Kjøllmoenet al. 2007).Storbreen is located just east of the main waterdivide between east and west in southern Norwayand receives precipitation from both directions(Liestøl 1967). The glacier is part of an east–west
mass balance transect in southern Norway where
mass turnover is largest near the western coast anddecreases towards the drier interior (Andreassen etal. 2005). Storbreen is in this respect
/media/ces/GA_2009_91A_4_Andreassen.pdf
model setup are typically too large by up to an order of magnitude.
This, combined with strong forcing at the model boundaries, results in a systematic spatial bias in
low-level wind speed, with too strong winds in coastal regions, and too weak winds in the interior.
Figure 5 shows a comparison of average wind speed at 10 mAGL between the WRF model and
station measurements. Model data is interpolated
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lake in a volcanic caldera in the interior of the Vatnajökull ice cap (Björns-
son, 1988). Jökulhlaups from Grímsvötn have been known since at least the fourteenth
century (Þórarinsson, 1939, 1974). In the beginning of the twentieth century there were
about ten years between outbursts but the floods diminished with time and became
more frequent. After a catastrophic, rapidly rising flood caused
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scenario, precipitation increased by 10–15% from 1961–90 to
2070–99, and by 5–10% for the lower emitting scenarios (corresponding to approximately 0.5–1%
per decade).
The CE project also examined RCM results for Iceland based on the HIRHAM model (Haugen and
Iversen, 2006). These results showed enhanced warming over the interior of Iceland compared with
the coastal zone, and a tendency for enhanced
/media/ces/2010_005_.pdf
measurements and sea level rise are explained
as well as extreme sea level events. Following the overview of coastal flooding risk assessment
methods, their suitability for application in Iceland is discussed and conclusions are drawn.
9
This report seeks to answer three main research questions: a) What methods are used to monitor
sea level rise in the Scandinavian countries and the UK?, b) What
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_005.pdf
to several times a day with the the airlines Icelandair, WOW air, and Scandinavian Airlines. Icelandair offers flights to Iceland from several American cities. Prices can be compared at dohop search engine, which may offer additional airlines.
There are frequent bus connections to the main bus terminal in Reykjavík, see map. The bus trip takes less than an hour. Most aircraft land in the morning
/lidar/lidar-2013/travel-info/
the final hypocentral locations. We calculate focal mechanisms and analyze faulting
style variations in the region. The current seismicity is then used to aid the analysis of the endglacial
M7+ Burträsk earthquake.
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are largest. Positive sensible heat fluxes also occur over
the interior regions of Vatnajökull and Hofsjökull at around noon on 27 July, due to the cold
northeasterly flow over the glaciers (see Figure 10). However, along the edges and on the other
icecaps, sensible heat fluxes under clear skies are directed from the atmosphere to the snow. On 3
August, with clear skies, weak winds, and with above freezing
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the
interior of the ice sheet is somewhat too dry (Fig. 9b). By average a mean negative precipitation
bias of 0.16myr−1 results which equals 43% of the mean from Burgess et al. (2010) (Table 2).
6 Bias Correction and Future Scenario Runs
After having specified a number of biases in the RCM output the model runs were repeated
with bias-corrected RCM data.
To correct the temporal bias of Ta, daily
/media/ces/ces_geus_paakitsoq_full_report.pdf