on the surface type and cloud conditions. Compared with shortwave radiation, longwave
radiation fluxes are less dependent on the presence or absence of snow on the ground, and more
on cloud conditions. Relative net longwave radiation losses vary between a minimum of 5%
over the ocean with overcast conditions, and a maximum of 36% over the glaciers with clear
skies. Sensible heat fluxes remove between 2% (cloud
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_006.pdf
cover.
In Iceland and other countries located at around the same latitude and further north, low clouds are defined as clouds located up to 2 km in altitude and middle clouds from 2 km up to 4 km in altitude. A third cloud type, not shown on a specific map (however, the information appears on the map for total cloud cover), is high clouds which can reach from 3 km up to 8 km in altitude.
Main
/weather/articles/nr/1219
Authority
26.8.2011Adriaan Perrels/IL 22
CBA and MCA
26.8.2011Adriaan Perrels/IL 23
Structuring a CBA 1
Source: Eijgenraam et al 2001 Source: Commonwealth of Australia 2006
26.8.2011Adriaan Perrels/IL 24
Structuring a CBA 2
Project country
Source: Eijgenraam et al 2001
Macro-economic full scale SCBA by effect type and source
26.8.2011Adriaan Perrels/IL 25
Applications
• Assessing climate change
/media/loftslag/Perrels-CBA.pdf
-year return period, based on the complete ICRA dataset. Timeseries were
extracted using the average value of all the grid-points within the catchment. 1M5 value
is shown in red.
Hálslón
2 years 5 years 10 years 25 years 50 years 100 years
3 hours 8 11 13 15 18 20
6 hours 18 23 27 31 36 39
12 hours 35 43 49 54 62 67
24 hours 60 70 78 85 94 101
48 hours 91 105 115 125 137 147
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2022/VI_2022_006_extreme.pdf
to be
estimated based on return periods for accumulated precipitation over a fixed timescale,
which is typically 24 hours.
10. Precipitation return periods need to be translated into engineering recommendations
suitable to the type of infrastructure and activity in question.
From the above list, this report addresses points 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7. Point 9 is considered but not
addressed completely
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_008.pdf
m
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/media/ces/2010_017.pdf
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/media/vedur/aerodrome_summaries_20140603.pdf
• Methodology
• Key findings
• Conclusions
2
Forestry in Finland
1. Land area distribution 2. Species distribution
Total Forestry land 26.3 mill. ha
3. Growing stocks, increment and drain 4. Site type distribution
Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute, 2008
3
Forest management
Final felling
Timber
Energy biomass
Thinning
Timber
Pre-commercial or
energy biomass thinning
Regeneration Regeneration
4
/media/ces/Alam_Ashraful_CES_2010.pdf