) noted that Iceland had a maritime
climate that was much milder than its position on the globe might suggest. In
data from 1981–2010, Iceland annual average temperatures ranged from 6°C at the
south coast to 3°C at the north coast, with a substantially colder highland
interior. In comparison with the latitudinal average for the same period, the
coastal temperatures in Iceland are 8–10°C warmer
/climatology/iceland/climate-report
) noted that Iceland had a maritime
climate that was much milder than its position on the globe might suggest. In
data from 1981–2010, Iceland annual average temperatures ranged from 6°C at the
south coast to 3°C at the north coast, with a substantially colder highland
interior. In comparison with the latitudinal average for the same period, the
coastal temperatures in Iceland are 8–10°C warmer
/climatology/iceland/climate-report/
in southern Norway (Fig.1). The glacier has a total area of 5.4 km2 and rangesin altitude from 1390 to 2090 m a.s.l. The glacierhas been mapped repeatedly, the most recent mapis from 1997. Areas calculated from the 1951 and1997 maps reveal an area reduction of about 0.4km2 in this period (Andreassen 1999). Lengthchange observations reveal a net retreat of about 60
m from 1997 to 2006 (data: NVE; e.g
/media/ces/GA_2009_91A_4_Andreassen.pdf
6University of Washington,
Seattle, WA 98195, USA. 7NOAA Geophysical Fluid
Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
*Author for correspondence. E-mail: cmilly@usgs.gov.
An uncertain future challenges water planners.
Published by AAAS
on July 12, 201
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/media/loftslag/Milly_etal-2008-Stationarity-dead-Science.pdf
expeditions to this area were con-
ducted in 1936–1938, when a group of Swedish and Ice-
landic glaciologists measured ice flow, surface mass balance
and surface topography. They also carried out a detailed
analysis to understand the relative roles of accumulation and
melting in the total mass balance of the glacier and to estab-
lish a relationship between the climate and the advance and
retreat
/media/ces/Adalgeirsdottir-etal-tc-5-961-2011.pdf
the report.
2 Study area and data
2.1 River basins
The region under study is located in the East fjords and the surrounding area (Fig. 1). This region
is characterised by a complex topography along the coast, Vatnajökull ice cap in the southwest
and highlands in the interior. This leads to large precipitation and temperature gradients in the
region (Crochet et al., 2007; Crochet & Jóhannesson, 2011). Eight
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_007.pdf
of the World Hydrological Observing System (WHYCOS) organized by the WMO.
In recent years, Arctic nations have consolidated their cooperation in the fields of meteorology and Arctic hydrology, to increase monitoring and research on Arctic warming and into various components of the Arctic Hydrological Cycle.
The Arctic Ocean covers only 1% of the total area of the world´s oceans, but receives 10
/about-imo/news/nr/2447
model setup are typically too large by up to an order of magnitude.
This, combined with strong forcing at the model boundaries, results in a systematic spatial bias in
low-level wind speed, with too strong winds in coastal regions, and too weak winds in the interior.
Figure 5 shows a comparison of average wind speed at 10 mAGL between the WRF model and
station measurements. Model data is interpolated
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2013/2013_001_Nawri_et_al.pdf