countries in
hydrological climate change studies, and in Scandinavia HBV is
the most commonly used model type (Vehviläinen and Huttunen,
Table 2
Climate scenarios used in the study (Finnish Meteorological Institute, ENSEMBLES data archive) and their projected annual changes in temperature and precipitation in Finland by
2070–2099 compared with the reference period 1971–2000. The greatest
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
group. The file has seven columns.
1: unique id-number of the group (integer).
2: name of the group (character without spaces).
3: type (character, "ic" for ice caps, "gl" for valley glacier).
4: total ice-covered area (floating point number, m²).
5: total ice volume (floating point number, m³).
6: characteristic response time (floating point number, years).
7: coefficient giving the relative
/media/ces/ces-glacier-scaling-memo2009-01.pdf
M
(171FT
)
FRE
Q
UENCIE
S
(PE
R
CENT
)
O
F
OCCU
R
RENC
E
O
F
CONCURREN
T
WIN
D
DIRECTIO
N
(I
N
30
0
SEC
T
ORS
)
AN
D
SPEE
D
(I
N
KN
O
TS
)
WITHI
N
SPECIFIE
D
RANGE
S
ANN
U
A
L
WIN
D
WIN
D
SPEE
D
(KT)
)
DIRECTIO
N
CAL
M
1–
5
6–1
0
11–1
5
16–2
0
21–2
5
26–3
0
31–3
5
36–4
0
41–4
5
46–5
0
>5
0
T
O
T
A
L
V
ARIABL
E
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
35-36-0
1
3
2
3
3
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
14
02-03-0
4
0
2
4
4
3
1
0
0
/media/vedur/aerodrome_summaries_20140603.pdf
to be
estimated based on return periods for accumulated precipitation over a fixed timescale,
which is typically 24 hours.
10. Precipitation return periods need to be translated into engineering recommendations
suitable to the type of infrastructure and activity in question.
From the above list, this report addresses points 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7. Point 9 is considered but not
addressed completely
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_008.pdf
These approximations are simple and give satisfactory results
for total runoff, but for many other parameters such as snow storage, maximum winter snow
and thereby total amount of spring melt, these approximations are not acceptable in areas
with considerable groundwater flow. As shown in Figure 2 the annual number of days per
year with snow covered ground are suspiciously low in the area
/media/ces/2010_017.pdf