M
(171FT
)
FRE
Q
UENCIE
S
(PE
R
CENT
)
O
F
OCCU
R
RENC
E
O
F
CONCURREN
T
WIN
D
DIRECTIO
N
(I
N
30
0
SEC
T
ORS
)
AN
D
SPEE
D
(I
N
KN
O
TS
)
WITHI
N
SPECIFIE
D
RANGE
S
ANN
U
A
L
WIN
D
WIN
D
SPEE
D
(KT)
)
DIRECTIO
N
CAL
M
1–
5
6–1
0
11–1
5
16–2
0
21–2
5
26–3
0
31–3
5
36–4
0
41–4
5
46–5
0
>5
0
T
O
T
A
L
V
ARIABL
E
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
35-36-0
1
3
2
3
3
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
14
02-03-0
4
0
2
4
4
3
1
0
0
/media/vedur/aerodrome_summaries_20140603.pdf
the observed data sets are smaller in SW than in NE
• MMM overestimates precipitation, but is closer to observations in SW than
NE barb2right Better observational coverage in SW
SW
NE
p
r
e
c
i
p
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
u
m
(
m
m
)
CES Conference, Oslo 31.5.-2.6.2010
SWNE
• Precipitation trends (mm / 10 yr) in 1961-2000 according to observations
and model simulations (MMM)
• Including the range
/media/ces/TietavainenHanna_CES_2010.pdf
of Iceland
* Corresponding author, e-mail: sng4 (at) hi.is
ABSTRACT
Kotárjökull is one of several outlet glaciers draining the ice-covered central volcano
Öræfajökull in SE-Iceland. We estimate the average annual specific mass loss of the glacier,
to be 0.22 m (water equivalent) per year over the post Little Ice Age period 1891–2011. The
glacial recession corresponds to an areal decrease
/media/vatnafar/joklar/Reykholt-abstracts.pdf
2050s 2080s
C
h
a
n
g
ei
n
r
a
t
i
n
g
(
%
)
10%
50%
90%
C
h
a
n
g
ei
n
r
a
t
i
n
g
(
%
)
C
h
a
n
g
ei
n
r
a
t
i
n
g
(
%
)
Each bar
shows
range over
whole UK
spatial
area
June 2010 13
Is the impact similar over the
whole UK?
• Changes in the summer minimum rating, i.e.
worst-case conditions – max temperature:
Rating at baseline period 1961
/media/ces/Cradden_Lucy_CES_2010.pdf
Results
W
i
n
t
e
r
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
Max snow depth
Trend slope
Number of snow days
Period II
P
e
r
i
o
d
III
Max snow depth Number of snow days
Norwegian Meteorological Institute met.no
Correlation analysis (1961-08)
138 mutual stations
Introduction Data & Methods Results
Correlation with
winter
temperature
Correlation with
winter
precipitation
In warmer regions both snow
parameters
/media/ces/Dyrrdal_Anita_CES_2010.pdf
Simulatio
n
mode
l
(scientific
)
Im
pr
o
ve
m
o
de
l
(quality
)
Fa
rm
er
s,
Fa
rm
busines
s
advisor
sNO
P
IN
D
Interview
s
NO
P
IN
D Qu
es
tio
n
n
ai
re
–
verificatio
n
NO
P
OT
:Researcher
s
M
KA/
M
M
(re
nements
)
KA
M
Has
eI
Simulatio
n
mode
l
(scientific
;
discussio
n
su
pp
o
rt
)
Im
pr
o
ve
m
o
de
l
(quality
,
acceptance
)
Farmers
,loca
l
authorities
,
association
s
IN
D Reques
t
fo
rdat
a
N
/media/loftslag/Hare-2011-ParticipatoryModelling.pdf
Journal of Environmental Psycholog
l
, Ume
,
e
Acceptability of travel demand management (TDM) with the aim of reducing private car use is modeled following a hierarchical
set of beliefs. In a two-part model, pro-environmental orientation, problem awareness, personal norm, and willingness to reduce car use
are linked to beliefs about to which extent the specific TDM measure is perceived
/media/loftslag/Eriksson_Garvill_Nordlund_2006.pdf
period, and
linear trends in degrees per decade within the 2004–50 period, for the IPCC GCM
ensemble mean, the SMHI-RCAO, the MetNo-HIRHAM, and the DMI-HIRHAM5. 23
2 Mean annual surface air temperature and total precipitation during the 1961–90
control period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3 Dependence on terrain elevation of surface air temperature
/media/ces/2010_005_.pdf
ANNUAL REPOR T 2014
2
I C E L A N D I C M E T O F F I C E / A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 1 4
?Veðurstofa Íslands 2015
Bústaðavegur 7–9, 108 Reykjavík, Iceland
The annual report was drafted by the IMO staff.
Editor: Sigurlaug Gunnlaugsdóttir
Design and layout: Hvíta húsið
Printing: Oddi
ISSN 2251-5607
Cover photo: Gro Birkefeldt Møller Pedersen
I N D E X
4 Bárðarbunga
7 Rockslide
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/IMO_AnnualReport2014.pdf