into three categories:
those characterized by numerous lakes in the central part of the
country; small and medium sized coastal rivers; and large and
medium sized rivers of northern Finland (Fig. 1b) (Mustonen,
1986; Korhonen and Kuusisto, 2010). Thousands of lakes (4500
over 0.5 km2 and 188,000 lakes of at least 0.05 ha) that cover about
10% of the total area of Finland give the watersheds in central
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
6University of Washington,
Seattle, WA 98195, USA. 7NOAA Geophysical Fluid
Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
*Author for correspondence. E-mail: cmilly@usgs.gov.
An uncertain future challenges water planners.
Published by AAAS
on July 12, 201
1
www.sciencemag.or
g
Downloaded from
1 FEBRUARY 2008 VOL 319 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org574
POLICYFORUM
combined with opera-
tions
/media/loftslag/Milly_etal-2008-Stationarity-dead-Science.pdf
...................................................................................................................................................................... 74
Nawri, N. and Björnsson, H.
Surface Air Temperature and Total Precipitation Trends for Iceland in the 21st Century ..................................... 76
Räisänen, J.
Probabilistic projections of temperature and precipitation change for the period 2021-2050 ............................... 78
HYDROLOGICAL PROJECTIONS, RUNOFF
Beldring, S
/media/ces/ces-oslo2010_proceedings.pdf
not for citation purpose)
Citation: Polar Research 2011, 30, 7282, DOI: 10.3402/polar.v30i0.7282
small, localized geothermal areas have been identified
beneath Torfajo¨kull. Hence, the influence of subglacial
geothermal heat on the total mass balance from the
1980s to 2004 is small and can be neglected. Knowledge
of ice volume changes is important for estimating
pressure release on underlying
/media/ces/Gudmundsson-etal-2011-PR-7282-26519-1-PB.pdf
3
.
4
X
s
e
s
s
i
o
n
3
.
5
X
l
u
n
c
h
p
l
e
n
a
r
y
p
a
n
e
l
1
X
X
s
e
s
s
i
o
n
4
.
1
X
s
e
s
s
i
o
n
4
.
2
X
s
e
s
s
i
o
n
4
.
3
X
s
e
s
s
i
o
n
4
.
4
X
s
e
s
s
i
o
n
4
.
5
X
F
r
i
d
a
y
3
1
.
8
p
l
e
n
a
r
y
4
X
s
e
s
s
i
o
n
5
.
1
X
s
e
s
s
i
o
n
5
.
2
Xsession 5.3 X
session 5.4 X
session 5.5 X
lunch
plenary panel 2 X
TOTAL TURNS PER PERSON 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
/media/loftslag/programme2---PhD-Workshop-preceding-Adaptation-Research-Conference.pdf
of Solar Irradiation
• Weather stations use pyranometers and pyrheliometers
• Campbell-Stokes Recorder - measures sunshine duration
UK Solar Resource
present and future
index clearnesssky clear averagemonthly
index clearnessdaily averagemonthly
sun block the cloudst significan nothat fraction time
where
=
=
=
clear
clear
K
K
f2
=
clear
clear K
Kf
Conversion
/media/ces/Burnett_Dougal_CES_2010.pdf
of the World Hydrological Observing System (WHYCOS) organized by the WMO.
In recent years, Arctic nations have consolidated their cooperation in the fields of meteorology and Arctic hydrology, to increase monitoring and research on Arctic warming and into various components of the Arctic Hydrological Cycle.
The Arctic Ocean covers only 1% of the total area of the world´s oceans, but receives 10
/about-imo/news/nr/2447