of meteorological origin can result
from intense rainfall or snow-melt, with various seasonal factors, such as frozen ground, compounding
the severity of flooding. Glacial outburst floods (jökulhlaup) can occur anytime; sources include ice-
dammed lakes and
water reservoirs that develop at the base of ice-caps overlying volcanic or
hydrothermal areas. Jökulhlaup due to volcanic
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