the average of the (wind speed) distribu-
tion is given by
m = AG(1+1=k) ; (2)
with gamma function, G, defined as usual. Wind power density, a measure of the energy flux
through an area perpendicular to the direction of motion, varies not only with the cube of wind
15
Figure 2. Annual modelled distributions (dashed lines) and corresponding Weibull fits
(solid lines) of wind speed at 50 mAGL, for two
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2013/2013_001_Nawri_et_al.pdf
automatically immediately before the 2000 eruption; moreover, their location accuracy is expected to be greatly improved.
Figure 2. Gutenberg-Richter distribution, showing the number of earthquakes in 0.1 magnitude intervals for the periods 1996-2000 (blue) and 2012-2016 (red). Note how the minimum magnitude of completeness (dashed, vertical lines) above which all earthquakes within the region
/about-imo/news/monitoring-hekla
can already be seen at Sólheimajökull (fig. 2) and Snæfellsjökull. Forecasts of the retreat of Langjökull and Hofsjökull until 2100 have been made (Institute of Earth Sciences and Tómas Jóhannesson, IMO).
Fig 2. The retreat of Sólheimajökull. On the central photo red lines show the glacier‘s margin as it was in 1997, 2000 and 2003. Photos: Oddur Sigurðsson. Click to enlarge.
Influence
/about-imo/news/nr/2910
balance measurement points on the three basins of Hofsjökull (Bogi Brynjar Björnsson).
This map is based on ice-cap outlines recorded in 2006 and three measurement points (shown in red) have now been abandoned due to the retreat of the ice cap since then. The yellow lines delineate the catchments of glacial rivers fed by the ice-cap. The river names are given in blue but the names of the ice-flow
/about-imo/news/nr/3229
• Runoff changes
• Changes in subglacial water divides
• Changes in river courses at the glacier margins
and, as a consequence, changes in river flow away
from the ice margin, problems for communication
lines
• Changes of terminal lakes with effect on
jökulhlaups (glacial outburs floods)
• Sedimentation in marginal lakes, changes in
sediment transport to the ocean, long-term
changes in coastlines
/media/ces/Johannesson_Thomas_CES_2010.pdf
Perrels)
For each session report:
o start with a heading indicating session number and title
o for each presentation: name of presenter(s) and title
o start for each presentation summary on a new page
Try to summarize briefly the main lines of argument as well as the project results and
conclusions. This can be just like a not too long bullet list. When relevant, you can notify links
/media/loftslag/Guidelines2-for-rapporteurs.pdf
contours). Bottom panel: manned and automated surface
observations over Iceland.
13
Figure 4. Hourly rainfall during 3 September 2012, based on HARMONIE model simula-
tions. Times are in UTC (local time).
14
Figure 5. Distribution of low- (red crosses), medium- (green vertical lines), and high-
level (blue horizontal lines) cloud cover of at least 90%, based on HARMONIE model
simulations. Terrain
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_006.pdf
is based partly on climate model results and is
therefore potentially affected by modelling uncertainty. To illustrate this uncertainty, the thin
grey lines in Fig. 1.1 show the distributions obtained when using 19 climate models
individually. Although the magnitude of the warming varies between the models, the general
shift towards higher temperatures is robust.
3
Figure 1.1. Probability
/media/ces/CES_D2.4_task1.pdf
to the curvature of streamlines, such as along a trough axis, without the presence of any closed
circulation. They may also be generated by speed shear between essentially straight stream-
lines, especially in connection with changes in surface roughness, such as for horizontal flow
along steep coastal terrain (under stable conditions). This ambiguity between positive vertical
vorticity maxima
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_005.pdf