; Guðmundsson et al.,
2009b; see locations of the ice caps in Fig. 1). Constant lin-
ear vertical and horizontal precipitation gradients (0.5 per
100 m in vertical, 0.005 and −0.008 per
1000 m in hori-
zontal east and north direction, respectively) are used in
the model to take into account observed precipitation vari-
ations, assuming a constant snow/rain threshold of 1 ◦C. In
a previous study
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