The method can be extended to al-
low non-Gaussian distributions and to allow for co-variances.
The main advantage of the error propagation equations is that
they are easy and quick to use. The key limitations lie in the
underlying assumptions that seldom hold, especially not for
complex calculations. The error propagation equations are
therefore mainly suitable for preliminary screening analysis.
4.3
/media/loftslag/Refsgaard_etal-2007-Uncertainty-EMS.pdf
Sciences makes these measurements and interprets the results. A comparison of the black line and the light blue one reveals that the subsidence has not only continued since September but also broadened, affecting a larger area.
Bárðarbunga subsidence
The rate of subsidence in the centre of the caldera has decreased slowly but the subsided area has also broadened. The change in volume since
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/articles/nr/3023
flight measurements are
shown, from 5 September to 26 November 2014. The Institute of Earth Sciences makes these
measurements and interprets the results. A comparison of the black line and the light blue one
reveals that the subsidence has not only continued since September but also broadened,
affecting a larger area.
Bárðarbunga subsidence
The rate of subsidence in the centre
/media/jar/Bardarbunga-2014_November-events.pdf
Sciences makes these measurements and interprets the results. A comparison of the black line and the light blue one reveals that the subsidence has not only continued since September but also broadened, affecting a larger area.
Bárðarbunga subsidence
The rate of subsidence in the centre of the caldera has decreased slowly but the subsided area has also broadened. The change in volume since
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/articles/nr/3023/
or not, is yet to transpire. But at least the exten-
sive monitoring of this rifting event makes it quite unique.
An intense earthquake swarm began in the Bárðarbunga caldera on
16 August 2014. During the next two weeks, a magma intrusion
formed a 49 km long dyke in the upper crust. It migrated from the
caldera to Holuhraun, where a fissure eruption commenced at the
end of August. This eruption
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/IMO_AnnualReport2014.pdf
(Quante and Colijn, 2016). Work on risk analysis and adaptation is in different
stages in the countries of the world.
Coastal floods have caused problems in Iceland in the past (Jóhannsdóttir, 2017) and are likely to do
so in the future as well. Large coastal floods can be expected in Iceland every 10 - 20 years and the
probability of such events can rise with climate change (Almannavarnir, 2011
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_005.pdf
at the eruption site should wear gas
masks and gas meters.
o Scientists on the site, have had to leave the area repeatedly as
concentrations of gas reached dangerous levels, due to sudden changes in
wind conditions.
o At the eruption site local wind anomalies can occur due to thermal
convection from the hot lava. This makes the conditions on site extremely
dangerous as winds can change
/media/jar/Factsheet_Bardarbunga-140909.pdf
gas concentrations at
the site can be life threatening, people at the eruption site should wear gas
masks and gas meters. At the eruption site, local wind anomalies can occur
due to thermal convection from the hot lava. This makes the conditions on
site extremely dangerous as winds can change suddenly and unpredictably.
Earthquake activity in the caldera of Bárðarbunga remains similar
/media/jar/Factsheet_Bardarbunga-140911.pdf
people at the eruption site should wear gas
masks and gas meters. At the eruption site, local wind anomalies can occur
due to thermal convection from the hot lava. This makes the conditions on
site extremely dangerous as winds can change suddenly and unpredictably.
Scientists in the field carry gas meters for their security.
Earthquake activity in the caldera of Bárðarbunga remains similar
/media/jar/Factsheet_Bardarbunga-140912.pdf
from the hot lava. This makes the conditions on site extremely
dangerous as winds can change suddenly and unpredictably.
The seismicity has reduced since yesterday. Around 80 earthquakes have been
recorded since midnight. Around 07:20 UTC, a magnitude 4.7 earthquake occurred
on the rim of Bárðabunga Caldera. Small but continuous low frequency tremor has
been observed for the last few
/media/jar/Factsheet_Bardarbunga_140908.pdf