of that in the 21st century. They can increase flood risk, influence erosion and coastal
ecosystems, impact groundwater quality by salt water intrusion, change river sediment deposition,
cause passive high-tide inundation of low-lying coastal areas and cause higher
order impacts on
nature and societies derived from the previously mentioned effects (Madsen, 2009; Mimura, 2013;
Vitousek et al., 2017; Wahl
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