-out group, assuming the initiative is at the public
side.
Red: inside transport system; blue: direct impact on size & quality of demand for road vehicle
movements; grey: auxiliary services that strongly interact with effects of CC.
Various possible effects of climate change on road infrastructure and its users
The expected effects of a changing climate in Nordic countries imply among others
/media/vedurstofan/NONAM_1st_workshop_summary_v3.pdf
; (1)
where N is the number of years between the elevation
maps, A1 is the average area (m2) of the ice cap over N
years, r is the scaling factor from the density of ice
(900 kg m3) to water (1000 kg m3),
DV D ¯hA2; (2)
is the total volume loss (m3), D ¯h is the N year area-
average elevation change (m) for the whole ice cap and
A2 is the maximum area (m2) of the ice cap.
In this study we use
/media/ces/Gudmundsson-etal-2011-PR-7282-26519-1-PB.pdf
Sciences, 17 - 19 February:
There is only one active vent inside the crater and the surface of the molten lava continues to sink. The lava channel has crusted over, except the 200 - 300 m nearest to the vent. The eruption column reaches no more than 1000 m above ground. The photos below show breakouts 15 – 16 km ENE of the vent, fed by the closed lava pathway which is inflating the lava field
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/articles/nr/3087
Sciences, 17 - 19 February:
There is only one active vent inside the crater and the surface of the molten lava continues to sink. The lava channel has crusted over, except the 200 - 300 m nearest to the vent. The eruption column reaches no more than 1000 m above ground. The photos below show breakouts 15 – 16 km ENE of the vent, fed by the closed lava pathway which is inflating the lava field
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/articles/nr/3087/
report from the eruption site
Excerpt from a new field report from the Institute of Earth Sciences, 17 - 19 February:
There is only one active vent inside the crater and the surface of the molten lava continues to
sink. The lava channel has crusted over, except the 200 - 300 m nearest to the vent. The
eruption column reaches no more than 1000 m above ground. The photos below show
breakouts 15
/media/jar/Bardarbunga-2015_February_events.pdf
Percolating water from the melt-
ing snow may have increased the rate of movement. Seismic data
indicate that a sudden movement occurred around 40 minutes be-
fore the slide, but at 23:24 the failure point was reached and the
rockslide was released.
? Width of fracture line: 800 m
? Vertical drop: 350 m
? Run-out length beyond the lake shore: ~1000 m
? Volume: ~30–50 million m³
? Estimated
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/IMO_AnnualReport2014.pdf
for flood discharge analysis are located near the flood inundation
analysis sites.
The four sites for flood inundation analysis were selected from
areas where major flood damages have occurred and which are
listed as flood prone areas by Timonen et al. (2003). The national
flood hazard mapping with 20–1000 year floods, based on ob-
served and extrapolated flood discharges, was also carried out
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf