residual not explained by the large-scale climate change. We assume e to be normally
distributed with zero mean and variance
�
' '
N
i
LARGELOC bxaxN 1
22 )(
1 H (3.2)
By neglecting the sampling uncertainty in a and b, (3.2) gives a downward biased estimate of
the residual variance. However, this bias is not easily corrected for the resampled
ENSEMBLES data set in which
/media/ces/D2.3_CES_Prob_fcsts_GCMs_and_RCMs.pdf
and
e mean
ing the
polated
atically
Figure
he cold
nd then
e lower
narrow
tic melt
han for
Sandá
modelle
constra
not don
Table
Month
Mean M
Mean ob
Differen
Figu
(vhm
and M
í Þistilfirð i
d tempera
ints and sin
e.
4. Mean m
Ja
M5 [C°] -5.
s. [C°] -7.
ce 1.
re 6. Comp
144); an i
M5 tempe
and were
ture data
ce this was
onthly tem
n Feb Mar
9 -5.7 -5.7
2 -6.8 -6.4
3 1.1 0.7
/media/ces/2010_017.pdf
Reykjavı´k IS-101, Iceland
2 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universite´ de Toulouse, Laboratoire d’Etudes en Ge´ophysique et Oce´anographie Spatiale, Universite´ de
Toulouse, 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse FR-31400, France
3 National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
Keywords
Remote sensing; glacier mass balance;
regional warming
/media/ces/Gudmundsson-etal-2011-PR-7282-26519-1-PB.pdf
of the stakeholders and
context. This principle integrates a number of
ideas. Among other concepts, it states that
stakeholders should be involved in framing
or formulating the problem to be addressed
in the participation process; that participation
mechanisms should be chosen according to
the needs of the public, e.g., interest,
knowledge, and the realities of the context, e.
g., resources, environment
/media/loftslag/vonKorff_etal-2010.pdf
Special thanks go to Gwenn E. Flowers at the Simon Fraser University in Vancou-
ver for providing me with her Matlab code for the coupled sheet–conduit model, for
her comments and assistance with model calibration and discussions of model results.
I thank Finnur Pálsson and Helgi Björnsson at the Institute of Earth Sciences at the
University of Iceland for providing profiles of the subglacial flood
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf
through surface heating over land are most frequent in
July. Both types of convective storms are most common in southern and southwestern Iceland,
and are reported on fewer than 2 days per year in any given region. With a weakening of the
large-scale atmospheric circulation in summer, temperature-driven downslope, or katabatic, winds
from the glaciers may become important. They can develop either
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2013/2013_001_Nawri_et_al.pdf
Journal of Environmental Management 88
Heid
, Øste
d
e
A broad range of tools are available for integrated water resource management (IWRM). In the EU research project NeWater, a
Human dependence on water leaves us vulnerable to
climate change, flood and drought hazards, and poverty
dynamic element of vulnerable groups and their relation-
ship to water resources, and to represent the decisions
/media/loftslag/Henriksen_Barlebo-2008-AWM_BBN-Journ_Env_Management.pdf
)
Mean absolute error (MAEµ)
Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSµ) (Nash & Sutcliffe, 1970)
With
RMSEµ(%) =
s
1
N
N
i=1
bµi(D) µi(D)
µi(D)
2
x100 (4)
MAEµ(m
3=s) =
1
N
N
i=1
jbµi(D) µi(D)j (5)
NSµ = 1
Ni=1
bµi(D) µi(D)
2
Ni=1
µi(D) E[µi(D)]
2 (6)
12
where µi(D) is the reference index flood at target site i defined by the arithmetic mean of ob-
served AMF, and N the total number
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_009.pdf