with expectations of predictability,
indiscrimination etc. But is this compatible with the best strategies for handling uncertainty? What if new
knowledge prescribes a decision contrary to one that has already been made? Should the need for legal
certainty and predictability prevail?
2) What is the best way to distribute roles and responsibilities between scientists, politicians
/media/loftslag/programme2---PhD-Workshop-preceding-Adaptation-Research-Conference.pdf
are manifold but are not applied consistently
(Ashford and Rest 1999). In this article, we
distinguish between the two concepts in the
following way: while stakeholder participation is
limited to participants who have a stake in the
problem discussed, the concept of public
participation includes a broader collection of
individuals and groups, and especially the general
public (also see Ashford and Rest 1999
/media/loftslag/Daniell_etal-2010.pdf
started. The landslide entrained more material on the way down
the mountainside, and the elevation of the debris tongue on the valley bottom
is about 10 million m3 greater than the terrain elevation before the
slide. Field observations show that the landslide ploughed through sediments at
the foot of the mountain and on the valley bottom and, therefore, the debris
tongue probably reaches
/about-imo/news/displacements-in-fagraskogarfjall-for-some-time-before-the-landslide-fell
release following the removal of water during a flood could facilitate the
magma rising to the surface and trigger, in this way, an eruption. This kind of
scenario has occurred several times in Grímsvötn, the last time in 2004, but
also in 1934 and 1922.Chances
of an eruption starting at the end of a glacial flood (jökulhlaups)The
current conditions of Grímsvötn volcano are such that the water
/about-imo/news/evidences-that-grimsvotn-volcano-is-getting-ready-for-the-next-eruption
Meradalir valley, east of the new fissure. Helicopters from the Icelandic Coast Guard are at the new eruption
site to make sure the area is evacuated. An airplain with scientists is on its way
to the fissure for evaluating more presicely the location and the size of the
new fissure. Because of the lack of ash and tephra emission in the
atmosphere, the aviation color code for Keflavik airport
/about-imo/news/new-fissure-near-the-eruption-site-in-geldingadalir
of climate change on hydrology and discharge
A forecast has been made on the change in discharge of the glacial river Jökulsá Austari in Skagafjörður (fig 3). A progressive change seems to be under way; higher average discharge is predicted for the years 2021-2050 than the measured discharge 2001-2009, which again is significantly higher than that for 1961-1990.
Jökulsá Austari
Fig 3. Annual
/about-imo/news/nr/2910
underneath a glacier; this change in configuration releases trapped water from a distributed subglacial drainage system.Jökulhlaups caused by land- or rockslides. Substantial potential energy is released in such slides, which can cause melting of ice and creation of flood water if the slide falls onto a glacier. A flood can also be formed by displacing of water if the slide material finds its way/volcanoes/volcanic-hazards/glacial-outburst/
way. Because of this it is usually possible to predict major geomagnetic storms.
Figure 1 shows the Sun earlier today: 1a shows the Sun in visible light, and 1b is a thermal image of extreme ultraviolet light where material in the solar corona needs to be at about 2 million °C to shine at these low wavelengths.
Image of the Sun today
Figure 1a. The Sun earlier today
/weather/articles/nr/2550
be fully dried before
use, which takes about 24 hours.
ATTENTION: Damp cloths and dust masks that have been soaked in baking soda solution only work
for a short while (several minutes) and are not nearly as effective as gas masks. This is therefore not
a long lasting measure and cannot at all be used very close to the eruption site. In that area, the use
of gas masks is the only effective way/media/jar/UST_table_SO2_27112014-en.pdf
opportunity, it is essential for any new methods to be
able to account for future potential. The Risk
Assessment Framework also accounts for the
identification of opportunities, and subsequently also
th i id ti i th d i i kirepresen , or e ec s on ma ers or o er
stakeholders, the risk analysis results in a efficient
and compact way.
encourages e r cons era on n e ec s on‐ma ng
process.
Fig.2. Fourfold
/media/ces/ces_risk_flyer.pdf