Exploratory and normative scenario developers both have acknowledged the added
value of either type of scenario process. Particularly the backcasting community has attempted to combine backcasting and
foresighting approaches. Good examples are Robinson et al. [10], Carlsson-Kanyama et al. [11], and the work of David Banister (e.g.
[12]). In this paper we describe an attempt from the community
/media/loftslag/Kok_et_al._TFSC_published_2011.pdf
Still higher
values were then measured deeper into the cave, reaching the highly hazardous
values of 120-183 ppm within a couple of minutes of walking into the cave. The group
turned back at this point and did not visit the innermost part of the cave. The
above mentioned gas measurements were not conducted by IMO personnel; but as a
general rule in IMO fieldwork, scientists and technicians
/about-imo/news/gas-concentrations-in-the-hofsjokull-ice-cave
the rim of
the ice edge around the crater. The plume does'nt rise vertically from
the crater, but bends SE-wards due to wind. Plume reaches higher after
larger explosions. Thephra fallout near the crater is considerably less
than was observed on May 6th. There is little lava flow down Gígjökull
and the lava front has not changed for the last couple of days. Very
little steam rises from
/media/jar/Eyjafjallajokull_status_2010-05-08_IES_IMO.pdf
cap and, in 2007, a rock avalanche fell on the Morsárjökull outlet glacier in southern Vatnajökull ice cap. Rockslides and rock avalanches on glaciers may break up the surface of the glacier, thereby adding ice to the moving material. In addition, the slide may sweep water from glacial lagoons on its way, creating a fast-flowing slurry of rock, ice, water and even air. Debris flows of this type/about-imo/news/fractures-in-svinafellsheidi-and-a-potential-rockslide-on-svinafellsjokull
be found here:
http://en.vedur.is/about-imo/news/nr/2930
http://en.vedur.is/avalanches/articles/nr/2929 Lahars
Lahars are a very specific
type of landslides. They contain volcanic material (i.e. tephra, soil and
rocks) mixed with water and occur in close vicinity of central volcanoes. Lahars
often develop during tephra rich eruptions or shortly thereafter and can easily
become
/volcanoes/volcanic-hazards/landslides/