12 1 month 12
Columbia River Basin Water Resource Sensitivity
to PCM Climate Change Scenarios
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Portland-
Vancouver
Spring Flood
Control
Reliability
Portland-
Vancouver
Winter Flood
Control
Reliability
Autumn Firm
Power
Reliability
(November)
% of Control
Hydropower
Revenues
McNary
Instream
Target
Reliability
(April-
August)
Middle Snake
Agricultural
/media/ces/Lettenmaier_Dennis_CES_2010pdf.pdf
), most of the earthquakes (80%)
occur in the upper crust down to 17 km in depth, a minority (19%) in the middle crust (17-31 km) and
only a few in the lower crust 31-45 km (1%) [1]. The seismogenic layer is less than 30 km in depth.
The layer seems to be rather uniform across Fennoscandia. We suggest that the middle to lower crustal
boundary may add compositional and rheological constraints
/media/norsem/norsem_korja.pdf
and Torfajo¨kull but not for Eyjafjallajo¨kull, rather than an actual sensitivity difference. Effects
of cold and dry years are ignored in the uncertainty calculation.
(a) (b) Using temperature at Vı´k (c) Using temperature at Hveravellir
AAR (%)
All seasons @bn=@T
(m w. eq. yr1 8C1)
Summer @bn=@T
(m w.eq. yr1 8C1)
All seasons @bn=@T
(m w.eq. yr1 8C1)
Summer @bn=@T
(m w.eq. yr1 8C1)
E 2025
/media/ces/Gudmundsson-etal-2011-PR-7282-26519-1-PB.pdf
changes in the September-April mean geostrophic wind speed from 1971-
2000 to 2046-2065 (left) and the statistical significance of the ensemble mean change according to a
standard t test (right). Light, medium and dark red shading indicate significance at the 95%, 99% and
99.9% levels, respectively.
95 % 99 % 99,9 %
4
Fig. 4. As Fig. 3, but for the autumn (September
/media/ces/CES_D2.4_task2_CMIP3_winds.pdf
- gróðurhúsaáhrif. Lifandi vísindi, pp. 52-54.
Snorrason, Á. (2002). Veður, vatn og orka. Presented at the Ársfundur Orkustofnunar 2003, Reykjavík, Mar 20. 31-39. [Extended abstract]
Snorrason, Á. (2002). Veðurfar, vatn og orka. Presentation, Aðalfundur Jöklarannsóknafélags Íslands. Norræna húsið, Reykjavík, Iceland. Feb 26. [Presentation]
Snorrason, Á. (2004). The International Hydrological
/climatology/research/ce/publications/