uplift and subsidence into account, and
assuming global sea-level rise of about 1 m towards the end of the century, the
relative sea-level change will range from a 40–60 cm rise in subsidence regions
to 10–180 cm sea-level drop-in regions of fast uplift. There is considerable
uncertainty in these estimates, with easily justifiable revisions of additional
25–40 cm of sea-level rise. However
/climatology/iceland/climate-report/
Regions of
complex orography such as the East- and Westfjords are associated with higher 5-year return
levels than the lowlands, with values ranging from 80 to 180 mm day–1 in the East and values
between 60 and 140 mm day–1 in the Westfjords. Locally, higher values are also reached in
other mountainous regions such as Bláfjöll, Tröllaskagi or Flateyjarskagi. The median value
over Iceland is 72 mm
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2022/VI_2022_006_extreme.pdf
over the snow-free land.
The diurnal cycles of net downward longwave radiation flux for the three cases are shown in
Figure 7. Longwave radiation losses are highest with clear skies and over warm (dark) surfaces,
such as the rocky terrain on Snæfellsnes and in the Westfjords, where they can reach up to
180 W m 2. Of the two factors that determine the net longwave radiation balance, differences
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_006.pdf
model grid point must be taken into account. At latitude f , the grid-box
size is given by
dA = a2 cosf dldf ; (1)
where a = 6371 km is the Earth’s mean radius, and latitude and longitude are measured in
radians. For the ECMWF reanalyses, angular grid-point spacing dl = df = p=180 is constant
across the domain. The low-pressure centre count at each grid point is then multiplied by dA=dA,
with mean
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_005.pdf
of 2.7 km2 (20%) and a volume loss of
0.4 km³ (30%). A surface lowering of 180 m is observed near the snout decreasing to
negligible amounts above 1700 m elevation. This minimal surface lowering at high altitudes
is supported by a comparison of the elevation of trigonometrical points on the plateau of
Öræfajökull from the Danish General Staff map of 1904 and a recent lidar-based digital
elevation
/media/vatnafar/joklar/Reykholt-abstracts.pdf