to increase in Finland by 13–26% by the 2080s (Ruosteenoja
and Jylhä, 2007) and extreme precipitations are expected to in-
crease (Beniston et al., 2007). On the other hand, temperature in-
creases of 2–6 C by the end of the century are estimated to
decrease the snow accumulation by 40–70% by the same period
(Vehviläinen and Huttunen, 1997; Beldring et al., 2006; Ruosteeno-
ja and Jylhä, 2007
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
of about 29,000 data series was selected from about 80,000 data series from 577 studies. These met the following criteria: (1) ending in 1990
or later; (2) spanning a period of at least 20 years; and (3) showing a significant change in either direction, as assessed in individual studies. These data
series are from about 75 studies (of which about 70 are new since the TAR) and contain about 29,000 data
/media/loftslag/IPPC-2007-ar4_syr.pdf
and transport networks in the
south and depopulation of rural areas. Also, facilitates modal shift for commuting
4. Decreases in Vehicle Kilometers Traveled (VKT), leading to lower overall traffic
volumes.
5. Increase in Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) and Private Finance Initiatives (PFI)
6. Long term decline in oil reserves, implying a need to develop non-petroleum
sources for road
/media/loftslag/Group4.pdf
with l l2, containing the region with frequent cyclone
activity to the northeast of Iceland. Then, of the total study area, 22% fall into the western sector
(itself broken up into 70% ocean and 30% land), 32% in the central sector (77% ocean, 23%
land), and 46% in the eastern sector (44% ocean, 56% land).
The average seasonal cyclone occurrences over the ocean and land areas in different sectors
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_005.pdf
power density within the Þorlákshöfn region . . . . . . . . . 70
7
1 Introduction
Wind power is an important source of low-impact renewable energy, especially if used in combina-
tion with glacial river hydro-electric power, as would be the case in Iceland. In winter the highest
average wind speeds coincide with reduced stream flow and sunshine hours. Unlike solar energy,
wind power can therefore
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2013/2013_001_Nawri_et_al.pdf
of an eruption like 1918 at Katla. ................ 69
Figure 42 Impact map for airports in case of an eruption like 1918 at Katla. ......................... 70
Figure 43 Impact map for power line in case of an eruption like 1918 at Katla. .................... 71
Figure 44 Reconstructed Total Grain Size Distribution for the Öræfajökull scenario ............. 73
Figure 45 Model results over
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_004.pdf