A. Dunne, A. V. Vecchia, Nature 438,
347 (2005).
16. J. C. Knox, Quatern. Sci. Rev. 19, 439 (2000).
17. P. C. D. Milly, R. T. Wetherald, K. A. Dunne, T. L. Delworth,
Nature 415, 514 (2002).
18. Z. W. Kundzewicz et al., Hydrol. Sci. J. 50, 797 (2005).
19. R. Seager et al., Science 316, 1181 (2007).
20. IPCC, in Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate
Change, Contribution of WG3 to AR4, B
/media/loftslag/Milly_etal-2008-Stationarity-dead-Science.pdf
Oddur Sigurðsson, Óðinn Þórarinsson, Philippe Crochet, Tómas Jóhannesson & Þorsteinn Þorsteinsson (2012). Floods in Iceland. In: Z. W. Kundzewicz (ed), Changes in Flood Risk in Europe. Oxfordshire: IAHS Special Publication 10, 257-276.
Hálfdán Ágústsson & Haraldur Ólafsson (2012). The bimodal downslope windstorms at Kvisker. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 116(1-2), 27-42, doi:10.1007/s00703
/about-imo/arctic/completed-projects/publications/
currents in its outer core. At the surface, about 90% of the field can be described by a simple dipole field tilting about 10° from the rotation axis. The currents in the Earth's core are slowly varying causing slow changes of the magnetic field, typically on timescales of years and ages.
A flow of charged particles from the sun, called the solar wind, hits steadily the magnetic field and bends
/weather/articles/nr/2549
for the decade 2041-2050 has a width of over 2.5ºC under
the A1B scenario, whereas the corresponding uncertainty range for the annual mean
precipitation change is about 20%. For the same decade, the differences in multi-model mean
temperature change between the B1, A1B and A2 scenarios are of the order of 0.5ºC, while
24
the corresponding differences in precipitation change are only about 2 percentage
/media/ces/raisanen_ruosteenoja_CES_D2.2.pdf
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/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_009.pdf
). This can be helpful with respect to
finding a common structure in presenting as well in session reporting (for which angles
mentioned in the opening session statements of the Workshop participants can provide
checkpoints).”
Session rapporteur allocation
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/media/loftslag/Guidelines2-for-rapporteurs.pdf
on the costs of
weather related delays and interruptions. Leviäkangas (2007) mentions an amount of 20 ~ 30
million euro per year. As mentioned before over time road users will start to adapt if they realize
that certain delays occur too frequently. Responses could vary from shifts in departure time to
switching to another mode or even relocation of activities.
A note on service levels
In road
/media/loftslag/Outline_for_the_case_Road_maintenance_in_a_changing_climate.pdf
interval are deter-mined. The curves are extrapolated to the lower andupper parts. Another approach, however, was used
until the 1980s when hand-contoured maps of ac-cumulation and ablation were made from the ob-
servations. The areas within each height interval(50 m) were planimetered and the total amount ofaccumulation and ablation was calculated for eachheight interval, and profiles bw(z), bs(z/media/ces/GA_2009_91A_4_Andreassen.pdf
(Quante and Colijn, 2016). Work on risk analysis and adaptation is in different
stages in the countries of the world.
Coastal floods have caused problems in Iceland in the past (Jóhannsdóttir, 2017) and are likely to do
so in the future as well. Large coastal floods can be expected in Iceland every 10 - 20 years and the
probability of such events can rise with climate change (Almannavarnir, 2011
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_005.pdf
Pálsson F., Rögnvaldsson
Ó., Sigurðsson O., Snorrason Á., Sveinsson Ó. G. B., Thorsteinsson Th. 2007.
Effect of climate change on hydrology and hydro-resources in Iceland. Rep.
OS-2007/011, National Energy Authority, Reykjavík.
Liang, X.-Z., Li L. and Kunke K. E. 2004 Regional climate model simulation
of U.S. precipitation during 1982–2002. Part I: Annual cycle. J. Climate, 17,
3510–3529.
Pálsson, F
/media/ces/Paper-Olafur-Rognvaldsson_91.pdf