?
• Based on thermodynamic and heat
transfer models accounting for:
Wire
resistance
Solar
heating
Radiative
cooling
Convective
cooling
June 2010 7
How are ratings determined?
• UK network standards assume seasonal
average temperatures and worst-case
wind conditions, i.e. low wind speeds
Summer → 20˚C; Spring/Autumn → 9˚C;
Winter → 2˚C
• Real-time monitoring (‘dynamic rating’) is
not commonly
/media/ces/Cradden_Lucy_CES_2010.pdf
were gradually reduced in the 1960s(Østrem and Liestøl 1964). For a period in the1970s and 1980s measurements were sparse and re-duced to a minimum, for some years snow accu-mulation was only measured at 10–20 points. Fromthe mid-1990s the mass balance programme was
MODELLING LONG-TERM SUMMER AND WINTER BALANCES
? The authors 2009
Journal compilation ? 2009 Swedish Society for Anthropology
/media/ces/GA_2009_91A_4_Andreassen.pdf
the Fljótsdalsheiði region . . . . . . . 47
18 Seasonal mean wind power density within the Fljótsdalsheiði region . . . . . . . . 48
19 Directional mean wind power density within the Gufuskálar region . . . . . . . . . 49
20 Seasonal mean wind power density within the Gufuskálar region . . . . . . . . . . 50
21 Directional mean wind power density within the Hellisheiði region . . . . . . . . . 51
22 Seasonal mean
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2013/2013_001_Nawri_et_al.pdf
J A
l
l
l
l l
l
l l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
ll
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
ll
l
l ll
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
0 100 200 300
50
0
100
0
200
0
Days since Sept. 1st
Q
(m
³/s
)
vhm64
S O N D J F M A M J J A
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
ll
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
0 100 200 300
20
0
40
0
60
0
Days since Sept. 1st
Q
(m
³/s
)
vhm66
S O N D J F
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_009.pdf