of land origin ▲•
Undetermined or unknown x
Table 3.3
Form of ice (Fa Fb Fc Fp Fs)
Element Floe size Symbo
l
Pancake ice - 0
Small ice cake; brash ice < 2 m 1
Ice cake 2-20 m 2
Small floe 20-100 m 3
Medium floe 100-500 m 4
Big floe 500 m-2 km 5
Vast floe 2-10 km 6
Giant floe > 10 km 7
Fast ice - 8
Icebergs, growlers or
floebergs
- 9
Undetermined or
unknown
- x
- 5 -
Annex I
Sample ice charts
from
/media/hafis/frodleikur/ice-chart_colour-code-standard.pdf
e
in
relatio
n
to
climat
echang
eadapt
ation
.X
,XX
,XX
X
is
a
ge
n
era
lguid
eo
n
th
e
relativ
e
imp
ortanc
e
leve
lo
fth
e
sourc
es
,
alth
oug
h
it
mus
tb
e
em
phasise
d
tha
tth
e
imp
ortanc
e
o
fth
e
indi
vidua
lsou
rce
s
o
fun
certaint
y
is
co
n
tex
tspe
cifi
c
St
ep
si
n
cl
im
at
e
ch
an
ge
ad
ap
tat
io
n
an
al
ys
es
(ch
ain
in
u
n
ce
rta
in
ty
ca
sc
ad
e,
Fi
g.
2)
So
ur
ce
s
o
fu
n
ce
rta
/media/loftslag/2012-Refsgaard_etal-uncertainty_climate-change-adaptation-MITI343.pdf
other parameters
that have one value for each sub-basin and are defined in the control file of the model. The
four snow model parameters that were adjusted were (8) temperature threshold for rain/snow
TR/S, (9) temperature threshold for snow melt T0, (10) degree-day factor without wind
consideration c1, and (11) degree-day-factor with wind consideration c2. The additional three
parameters
/media/ces/2010_017.pdf
Short distance
transportation
Long distance
r
g
y
i
n
p
u
t
o
x
i
d
e
E
m
i
s
M
W
h
-
1
8
4 -
M5 (-20%)
M6 (-30%) Energy wood in
power plant
Timber in pulp
and saw mill
transportation
Chipping
s
i
o
n
s
K
g
C
O
2
(b) Norway spruce: Myrtillus type
10
l
a
r
e
a
(
m
2
h
a
-
1
)
Basal area just
before thinning
Remaining basal
Thinning threshold
Energy
wood
thinning
89 B a
s
a
l
/media/ces/Alam_Ashraful_CES_2010.pdf
September 2014. The gray line represents relative displacement and the blue line the median value for 180 minutes. Earthquakes in the area are shown separately below (same x-axis, same timing). Enlarge.
The first two weeks as an example
Total subsidence from 12 Sept 2014 until 1 March 2015
The total subsidence of the glacier surface above the Bárðarbunga caldera since the equipment
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/gps-measurements/bardarbunga/caldera/
September 2014. The gray line represents relative displacement and the blue line the median value for 180 minutes. Earthquakes in the area are shown separately below (same x-axis, same timing). Enlarge.
The first two weeks as an example
Total subsidence from 12 Sept 2014 until 1 March 2015
The total subsidence of the glacier surface above the Bárðarbunga caldera since the equipment
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/gps-measurements/bardarbunga/caldera
appears
to be driving a poleward expansion of the
subtropical dry zone (8), thereby reducing
runoff in some regions. Together, circulatory
and thermodynamic responses largely
explain the picture of regional gainers and
losers of sustainable freshwater availability
that has emerged from climate models (see
figure, p. 574).
Why now? That anthropogenic climate
change affects the water cycle (9/media/loftslag/Milly_etal-2008-Stationarity-dead-Science.pdf
data, models or analyses, then
the following scale of confidence levels is used to express the assessed chance of a finding being correct: very high confidence at least 9 out
of 10; high confidence about 8 out of 10; medium confidence about 5 out of 10; low confidence about 2 out of 10; and very low confidence less
than 1 out of 10.
Where uncertainty in specific outcomes is assessed using expert
/media/loftslag/IPPC-2007-ar4_syr.pdf
AVAILABLE FROM:
http://www.atm.helsinki.fi/~jaraisan/CES_D2.3/CES_D2.3.html
2
Table of Contents
Abstract 1
1. Introduction 2
2. Model simulations 4
3. Methods used for deriving probabilistic climate change forecasts 7
3.1 Resampling and variance correction 9
3.2 Relationship between local and large-scale climate changes in ENSEMBLES
simulations 10
3.3 Comparison of large-scale
/media/ces/D2.3_CES_Prob_fcsts_GCMs_and_RCMs.pdf