-orientation. Subsequently, a mean for the 15
NEP items was calculated for each respondent, represent-
ing a measure of pro-environmental orientation (Dunlap
et al., 2000). The scale had a reasonably high internal
consistency (a ¼ 0:
77). Problem awareness was calculated
using the mean of the five items regarding the extent to
which private car use was perceived as a global, local, and
personal threat
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