and possibly the stake-
holders at different phases of the modelling project.
Many QA guidelines exist such as Middlemis (2000) and
Van Waveren et al. (1999). The HarmoniQuA project (Schol-
ten et al., 2007; Refsgaard et al., 2005a) has developed a com-
prehensive set of QA guidelines for multiple modelling
domains combined with a supporting software tool, MoST
(downloadable via http
/media/loftslag/Refsgaard_etal-2007-Uncertainty-EMS.pdf
to theoretical framework. I do also want to thank him for an
enjoyable time during this work, both in the office and in the field.
This work was carried out as a part of the Skaftá cauldrons research project which
was funded and supported by the Icelandic Centre For Research (RANNÍS), Kvískerja-
sjóður, the NASA Astrobiology Institute, Landsvirkjun (the National Power Com-
pany), the National Energy
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf
surface.
As a simple scale of Aurora activity we use the Kp-index, which describes strength of variations in the magnetic field of the Earth. The Kp-index is from 0 to 9, where 0 describes minimum activity and 9 maximum. Most of the time the Kp-index is 0-3 and the highest numbers are very rare. The Kp-index is calculated as a weighted mean of K-indices from many magnetic observatories around
/weather/articles/nr/2549
of the volcanic behaviour, plume activity and interaction between plume and weather.
For further information, a slide show from a lecture on the subject (pdf 1.4 Mb) is available. Also, other articles on the Eyjafjallajökull eruption 2010 can be read on our web-site as well as the then current news on the subject.
Reference
* Vogfjörð K., Jakobsdóttir S.S., Guðmundsson G.B., Roberts M.J., Ágústsson K/earthquakes-and-volcanism/articles/nr/2072
Reykjavı´k IS-101, Iceland
2 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universite´ de Toulouse, Laboratoire d’Etudes en Ge´ophysique et Oce´anographie Spatiale, Universite´ de
Toulouse, 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse FR-31400, France
3 National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
Keywords
Remote sensing; glacier mass balance;
regional warming
/media/ces/Gudmundsson-etal-2011-PR-7282-26519-1-PB.pdf
of events closely.
Photo: Sigurlaug Gunnlaugsdóttir.
Bárðarbunga
Pálmi Erlendsson, Bergur H. Bergsson and others installing GPS and com-
munication equipment. Photos: Þorgils Ingvarsson and Benedikt G. Ófeigsson.
I C E L A N D I C M E T O F F I C E / A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 1 4
5
The magma intrusion from Bárðarbunga
to the eruption site at Holuhraun and
related tremor pulses
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/IMO_AnnualReport2014.pdf
Literature:
[1] Perrels, A., Veijalainen, N., Jylhä, K., Aaltonen, J., Molarius, R., Porthin, M., Silander, J., Rosqvist, T.,
Tuovinen, T. (2010), The Implications of Climate Change for Extreme Weather Events and their
Socio-economic Consequences in Finland, VATT Research report 158
[2] Riitta Molarius, Adriaan Perrels, Markus Porthin, Tony Rosqvist (2008), Testing a Flood Protection
/media/loftslag/Tony_Rosqvist_(VTT,_Fin).pdf
of Solar Irradiation
• Weather stations use pyranometers and pyrheliometers
• Campbell-Stokes Recorder - measures sunshine duration
UK Solar Resource
present and future
index clearnesssky clear averagemonthly
index clearnessdaily averagemonthly
sun block the cloudst significan nothat fraction time
where
=
=
=
clear
clear
KK
f2
=
clear
clear K
Kf
Conversion
/media/ces/Burnett_Dougal_CES_2010.pdf